_Original root._ _Plur._ _Sing._ Apsid- apsid-es apsis Cantharid- cantharid-es cantharis Chrysalid- chrysalid-es chrysalis Ephemerid- ephemerid-es ephemeris Tripod- tripod-es tripos. _Plurals in_ -a:-- _Original root._ _Plur._ _Sing._ Dogmat- dogmat-a dogma Lemmat- lemmat-a lemma Miasmat- miasmat-a miasma.[34] § 83. _Miscellaneous elements._--Of miscellaneous elements we have two sorts; those that are incorporated in our language, and are currently understood (e.g., the Spanish word _sherry_, the Arabic word _alkali_, and the Persian word _turban_), and those that, even amongst the educated, are considered strangers. Of this latter kind (amongst many others) are the oriental words _hummum_, _kaftan_, _gul_, &c. Of the currently understood miscellaneous elements of the English language, the most important are from the French; some of which agree with those of the Latin of the fourth period, and the Greek, in preserving the _French_ plural forms--as _beau_, _beaux_, _billets-doux_. _Italian._--Some words of Italian origin do the same; as _virtuoso_, _virtuosi_. _Hebrew._--The Hebrew words, _cherub_ and _seraph_ do the same; the form _cherub-im_, and _seraph-im_ being not only plurals but Hebrew plurals. Beyond the words derived from these five languages, none form their plural other than after the English method, i.e., in -s, as _waltzes_, from the _German_ word _waltz_. § 84. Hence we have a measure of the extent to which a language, which, like the English, at one and the same time requires names for many objects, comes in contact with the tongues of half the world, and has moreover, a great power of incorporating foreign elements, derives fresh words from varied sources; as may be seen from the following incomplete notice of the languages which have, in different degrees, supplied it with new terms. _Arabic._--Admiral, alchemist, alchemy, alcohol, alcove, alembic, algebra, alkali, assassin. _Persian._--Turban, caravan, dervise, &c. _Turkish._--Coffee, bashaw, divan, scimitar, janisary, &c. _Hindoo languages._--Calico, chintz, cowrie, curry, lac, muslin, toddy, &c. _Chinese._--Tea, bohea, congou, hyson, soy, nankin &c. _Malay._--Bantam (fowl), gamboge, rattan, sago, shaddock, &c. _Polynesian._--Taboo, tattoo. _Tungusian or some similar Siberian language._--Mammoth, the bones of which are chiefly from the banks of the Lena. _North American Indian._--Squaw, wigwam, pemmican. _Peruvian._--Charki = prepared meat; whence _jerked_ beef. _Caribbean._--Hammock. § 85. A distinction is drawn between the _direct_ and _indirect_, the latter leading to the _ultimate origin_ of words.