[1] BEROSUS, fragment No. 1, in the _Essai de Commentaire sur les Fragments cosmogoniques de Berose d'apres les Textes cuneiformes et les Monuments de l'Art Asiatique_ of FRANCOIS LENORMANT (Maisonneuve, 1871, 8vo.). [2] _The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World; or, The History, Geography, and Antiquities of Chaldaea, Assyria, Babylon, Media, and Persia. Collected and Illustrated from Ancient and Modern Sources_, by GEORGE RAWLINSON. Fourth edition, 3 vols., 8vo., with Maps and Illustrations (Murray, 1879). [3] HUMBOLDT, _Aspects of Nature_, vol. i. pp. 77, 78.--R. [4] HERODOTUS, ii. 5. [5] LOFTUS'S _Chaldaea and Susiana_, p. 282.--R. [6] See STRABO, xvi. 1, Sec. 6; PLINY, H.N. vi. 28; PTOLEMY, v. 20; BEROSUS, pp. 28, 29.--R. [7] Ross came to the end of the alluvium and the commencement of the secondary formation in lat. 34 deg., long. 44 deg. (_Journal of Geographical Society_, vol. ix. p. 446). Similarly, Captain Lynch found the bed of the Tigris change from pebbles to mere alluvium near Khan Iholigch, a little above its confluence with the Aahun (_Ib._ p. 472). For the point where the Euphrates enters on the alluvium, see Fraser's _Assyria and Mesopotamia_, p. 27.--R. [8] RAWLINSON. _The Five Great Monarchies_, &c., vol. i., pp. 1-4. As to the name and boundaries of Chaldaea, see also GUIGNAUT, _La Chaldee et les Chaldeens_, in the _Encyclopedie Moderne_, vol. viii. [9] HERODOTUS, i. 106, 192; iii. 92. [10] PLINY, _Nat. Hist._ vi. 26. [11] STRABO, xvi. i. Sec. 1. [12] _Genesis_ xi. 28 and 31; _Isaiah_ xlvii. 1; xiii. 19, &c.; DIODORUS ii. 17; PLINY, _Nat. Hist._ vi. 26; the Greek translators of the Bible rendered the Hebrew term Khasdim by Chaldaioi; both forms seem to be derived from the same primitive word. [13] STRABO, xvi. i. 1, 2, 3. [14] LAYARD, _Nineveh and its Remains_, vol. i. pp. 312, 315; _Discoveries_, p. 245. [15] RAWLINSON, _Five Great Monarchies_, vol. i. pp. 4, 5. [16] LOFTUS, in the _Journal of the Geographical Society_, vol. xxvi. p. 142; _Ib._, Sir HENRY RAWLINSON, vol. xxvii. p. 186. [17] MASPERO, _Histoire Ancienne des Peuples de l'Orient_, p. 137. Sec. 2.--_Nature in the Basin of the Euphrates and Tigris._