[Footnote 5: They were known as _mushkênum,_ derived from the Shafel-Piel stem of the root (_kânu_), with the meaning "to humble oneself, to be humble." Combe has compared the similar use of _miskîn_ in Arabic for a man of humble station who is not a descendant of the prophet (cf. "Babyloniaca," III., p. 73 f.). The word passed into Hebrew as _miskên,_ and, with modifications of meaning, into more than one European language (cf. Ital. _meschino, meschinello,_ Portug. _mesquinho,_ French _mesquin_); see Johns, "Schweich Lectures" (1912), pp. 8, 74.] [Footnote 6: Herodotus (I., 193) bears witness to the great fertility of Babylonia, stating that of all countries of the ancient world it was the most fruitful in grain.] [Footnote 7: On the early system of tribal ownership, which survived even the Kassite conquest and requisitions, see below, pp. 249 ff.] [Footnote 8: In fact, the _métayer_ system was in force, the landlord finding the cattle, agricultural implements, and seed for the culture of the fields; cf. Johns, "Schweich Lectures," p. 5.] [Footnote 9: See the five letters of Ammi-zaduga, in "Letters of Ham." III., pp. 162 ff.] [Footnote 10: For the loss of an eye the hirer paid half the beast's value, and a quarter for a broken horn, the loss of the tail, or a torn muzzle.] [Footnote 11: See § 256 of the Code.] [Footnote 12: Cf. "Letters of Hammurabi," III., pp. 130 ff.] [Footnote 13: They are also referred to by Herodotus (I., 193), but not described.] [Footnote 14: At Hit on the Euphrates are some of the largest water-wheels in Mesopotamia, a line of them being built across one portion of the river.] [Footnote 15: Cf. "Cun. Texts in the Brit. Mus.," XXVI., p. 26.] [Footnote 16: See Fig. 40, and cf. Clay, "Documents from the Temple Archives of Nippur," in the "Museum Publications of the Univ. of Pennsylvania," Vol. II., No. 2 (1912), p. 65, from which the drawing has been taken.] [Footnote 17: See Plate XXI., opposite p. 248.] [Footnote 18: Cf. Frank, "Das Symbol der Göttin Gestinna," in the "Hilprecht Anniversary Volume" (1909), pp. 104 ff.] [Footnote 19: Cf. Place, "Ninive et l'Assyrie," III., pl. 31; the plough is there depicted in yellow enamel on a blue ground.] [Footnote 20: See Budge and King, "Guide to the Babylonian and Assyrian Antiquities in the British Museum," 2nd ed. (1908), p. 221, Figure. George Rawlinson ("Ancient Monarchies," I., p. 567) had already explained the seed-drill in the plough on Esarhaddon's stone.] [Footnote 21: The Babylonian word for plough, _ḳanḳannu,_ has also survived in the Syriac _kenkĕnā,_ and the Rabbinic _ḳanḳannâ_; cf. Frank, _op. cit.,_ p. 165 f. This use of the determinative _erû,_ "copper," before the Babylonian word, suggests that metal was employed for the plough-share from a very early period.]