[Footnote 22: On the cultivation of the date-palm and the Babylonian method of artificial fertilization, see Herodotus, I., 193; and cp. Tylor, "Proc. Soc. Bibl. Arch.," XII. (1890), pp. 383 ff.] [Footnote 23: Even the modern Arabic name for such a raft, _kelek,_ is derived from the Assyrian word for the same form of vessel, _kalaku,_ as was first pointed out by Johnson.] [Footnote 24: This is the custom at the present day, and we know that it also existed at the time of Herodotus (cf. I., 194); but his description of the structure of the "boats" applies, not to the raft or _kelek,_ but to the _gufa,_ a small coracle, which was used only for local traffic.] [Footnote 25: See Fig. 42; and cf. p. 179, n. 2.] [Footnote 26: See Plate XV., opposite p. 184.] [Footnote 27: Cf. "Letters," III., p. 16 f.] [Footnote 28: See above, p. 127 f.] [Footnote 29: See below, p. 215 f.] [Footnote 30: See above, pp. 82 ff.] [Footnote 31: The fact that, so far as they have yet been examined, the lines of the streets appear to have altered little during the time from the First Dynasty to the Neo-Babylonian and Persian periods, is at least presumptive evidence in favour of assigning the main lines of the street-plan on the Merkes Mound to the age of Hammurabi and his descendants; see above, p. 85 f.] [Footnote 32: In the case of proved adultery, drowning was the penalty for the guilty parties; but the husband could save his wife, if he wished to do so, by appeal to the king. If the charge was brought by the husband himself, a woman could clear herself by swearing to her own innocence; but, if others brought the charge, she had to submit to the ordeal by water. She plunged into the Euphrates, and should she be drowned, it was regarded as proof of guilt; but if she got safely to the bank her innocence was established. It was believed that the Sacred River would see that justice was done; see §§ 131 f. of the Code, and cp. § 2.] [Footnote 33: The wife could also divorce her husband, if she could prove that her past life had been seemly; she then took her marriage-portion and returned to her father's house. For laws as to breach of promise (based on the payment of the bride-price), see §§ 159-101 of the Code.] [Footnote 34: There was an important guild of votaries attached to E-babbar, the temple of the Sun-god at Sippar, a second at Ur, and another at E-sagila, the great temple of Marduk at Babylon, where they had special privileges.] [Footnote 35: Prof. Myres, in commenting on the industrial status found for these unmarried women, remarks that, with manufactures and commerce standing so high in the economy of Babylonia, it is not to be wondered at if the social structure of the country developed some of the same features as begin to perplex our modern world: cf. "Dawn of Civilization," p. 97.] [Footnote 36: See "Letters of Hammurabi," III., pp. 20 ff.] [Footnote 37: _Op. cit.,_ III., pp. 23 ff., 26 f.]