The one hope for the confederate Indians had been help from the French. Slowly and reluctantly they had been driven to the conclusion that such help would not be forthcoming, and that for France the sun had set in the far west of North America. Pontiac himself gave in his submission to the English; he took their King for his father, and, when he was killed in an Indian brawl on the Mississippi in 1769, the red men’s vision of independence or of sovereignty in their native backwoods faded away. The two leading white races in North America, French and English, had fought it out; there followed the Indian rising against the victors; and soon was to come the almost equally inevitable struggle between the British colonists, set free from dread of Frenchman or of Indian, and the dominating motherland of their race. FOOTNOTES: [1] The _Annual Register_ for 1763, p. 19, identified the St. John river with the Saguenay, and the mistake was long perpetuated. [2] All the quotations made in the preceding pages are taken from the _Documents relating to the Constitutional History of Canada 1759-1791_, selected and edited by Messrs. Shortt and Doughty, 1907. [3] _Annual Register_ for 1763, p. 22. [4] _Journals of Major Robert Rogers_, London, 1765, p. 207. [5] _Journals of Major Robert Rogers_, London, 1765, p. 214. [6] _A Concise Account of North America_, by Major Robert Rogers, London, 1765, pp. 240-4. [7] _Rogers’ Journals_, p. 229. [8] _A Concise Account of North America_, p. 168. [9] Dalyell seems to have been a good officer. Bouquet on hearing of his death about two months’ later wrote, ‘The death of my good old friend Dalyell affects me sensibly. It is a public loss. There are few men like him.’ Bouquet to Rev. M. Peters, Fort Pitt, September 30, 1763. See Mr. Brymner’s _Report on Canadian Archives_, 1889, Note D, p. 70. [10] Brymner’s Report on _Canadian Archives_, 1889, note D, p. 59. [11] Ibid., Note D, pp. 60, 62. [12] Bouquet to Amherst, July 26, 1763: _Canadian Archives_, as above, pp. 61-2. [13] Bouquet to Rev. Mr. Peters, September 30, 1763: _Canadian Archives_, as above, p. 70. [14] ‘There have been half a dozen battles in miniature with the Indians in America. It looked so odd to see a list of killed and wounded just treading on the heels of the Peace.’ Letter of October 17 and 18, 1763, to Sir Horace Mann. [15] Bouquet to Hamilton, Governor of Pennsylvania, Fort Pitt, August 11, 1763: _Canadian Archives_, as above, p. 66. CHAPTER II CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE AND THE QUEBEC ACT