of Treves, in 1227, forbade "all priests to permit truants, or other wandering scholars, or goliards, to sing verses or _Sanctus_ and _Angelus Dei_ in the service of the mass."[43] This probably refers to parodies on the religious service, such as those of which I shall soon have to speak. From this time the goliards are frequently mentioned. In ecclesiastical statutes published in the year 1289, it is ordered that the clerks or clergy (_clerici_, that is, men who had their education in the university) "should not be jougleurs, goliards, or buffoons;"[44] and the same statute proclaims a heavy penalty against those _clerici_ "who persist in the practice of goliardy or stage performance during a year,"[45] which shows that they exercised more of the functions of the jougleur than the mere singing of songs. [42] In the mediæval Latin, the word _goliardia_ was introduced to express the profession of the goliard, and the verb _goliardizare_, to signify the practice of it. [43] "Item, præcipimus ut omnes sacerdotes non permittant trutannos et alios vagos scholares, aut goliardos, cantare versus super _Sanctus_ et _Angelus Dei_ in missis," etc.--Concil. Trevir., an. 1227, ap. Marten. et Durand. Ampliss. Coll., vii. col. 117. [44] "Item, præcipimus quod clerici non sint joculatores, goliardi, seu bufones."--Stat. Synod. Caduacensis, Ruthenensis, et Tutelensis Eccles. ap. Martene, Thes. Anecd., iv. col. 727. [45] "Clerici ... si in goliardia vel histrionatu per annum fuerint."--Ib. col. 729. In one of the editions of this statute it is added, "after they have been warned three times." These vagabond clerks made for themselves an imaginary chieftain, or president of their order, to whom they gave the name of Golias, probably as a pun on the name of the giant who combated against David, and, to show further their defiance of the existing church government, they made him a bishop--_Golias episcopus_. Bishop Golias was the burlesque representative of the clerical order, the general satirist, the reformer of eclesiastical and all other corruptions. If he was not a doctor of divinity, he was a master of arts, for he is spoken of as _Magister Golias_. But above all he was the father of the Goliards, the "ribald clerks," as they are called, who all belonged to his household,[46] and they are spoken of as his children. _Summa salus omnium, filius Mariæ, Pascat, potat, vestiat pueros Golyæ!_[47] "May the Saviour of all, the Son of Mary, give food, drink, and clothes to the children of Golias!" Still the name was clothed in so much mystery, that Giraldus Cambrensis, who flourished towards the latter end of the twelfth century, believed Golias to be a real personage, and his contemporary. It may be added that Golias not only boasts of the dignity of bishop, but he appears sometimes under the title of _archipoeta_, the archpoet or poet-in-chief.