1 Social and intellectual position 2 First period of the Republic: The warlords 3 Second period of the Republic: Nationalist China 4 The Sino-Japanese war (1937-1945) Chapter XII: PRESENT-DAY CHINA 1 The growth of communism 2 Nationalist China in Taiwan 3 Communist China Notes and References Index ILLUSTRATIONS 1 Painted pottery from Kansu: Neolithic. _In the collection of the Museum für Völkerkunde, Berlin_. 2 Ancient bronze tripod found at Anyang. _From G. Ecke: Frühe chinesische Bronzen aus der Sammlung Oskar Trautmann, Peking_ 1939, _plate_ 3. 3 Bronze plaque representing two horses fighting each other. Ordos region, animal style. _From V. Griessmaier: Sammlung Baron Eduard von der Heydt, Vienna 1936, illustration No. 6_. 4 Hunting scene: detail from the reliefs in the tombs at Wu-liang-tz'u. _From a print in the author's possession_. 5 Part of the "Great Wall". _Photo Eberhard_. 6 Sun Ch'üan, ruler of Wu. _From a painting by Yen Li-pen (c. 640-680_). 7 General view of the Buddhist cave-temples of Yün-kang. In the foreground, the present village; in the background the rampart. _Photo H. Hammer-Morrisson_. 8 Detail from the Buddhist cave-reliefs of Lung-men. _From a print in the author's possession_. 9 Statue of Mi-lo (Maitreya, the next future Buddha), in the "Great Buddha Temple" at Chengting (Hopei). _Photo H. Hammer-Morrisson_. 10 Ladies of the Court: Clay models which accompanied the dead person to the grave. T'ang period. _In the collection of the Museum für Völkerkunde. Berlin_. 11 Distinguished founder: a temple banner found at Khotcho, Turkestan. _Museum für Völkerkunde, Berlin. No. 1B 4524, illustration B 408_. 12 Ancient tiled pagoda at Chengting (Hopei). _Photo H. Hammer-Morrisson_. 13 Horse-training. Painting by Li Lung-mien. Late Sung period. _Manchu Royal House Collection_. 14 Aborigines of South China, of the "Black Miao" tribe, at a festival. China-ink drawing of the eighteenth century. _Collection of the Museum für Völkerkunde, Berlin. No. 1D 8756, 68_. 15 Pavilion on the "Coal Hill" at Peking, in which the last Ming emperor committed suicide. _Photo Eberhard_. 16 The imperial summer palace of the Manchu rulers, at Jehol. _Photo H. Hammer-Morrisson_. 17 Tower on the city wall of Peking. _Photo H. Hammer-Morrisson_. MAPS 1 Regions of the principal local cultures in prehistoric times 2 The principal feudal States in the feudal epoch (roughly 722-481 B.C.) 3 China in the struggle with the Huns or Hsiung-nu (roughly 128-100 B.C.) 4 The Toba empire (about A.D. 500) 5 The T'ang realm (about A.D. 750) 6 The State of the Later T'ang dynasty (923-935) INTRODUCTION