Ward, *Reign of Queen Victoria, contains good chapters on the industrial development of the reign. Stephen Bourne, *Trade, population, and food, London, 1880, is a careful analysis of the decade 1870-80, and furnishes a good starting-point from which to survey the course of recent trade. J. W. Root, Trade relations of the British Empire, Liverpool, 1903, provides a survey of English commerce at the close of the period, with special reference to the pending question of tariff changes. Similar books have been written by Edward Pulsford and L. G. Chiozza Money. A useful statistical survey is provided by John H. Schooling, *The British trade book, fourth issue, London, 1911. Lectures on British commerce, with preface by W. P. Reeves, is mainly a description of the present organization. A. J. Sargent, *Seaways of the Empire, London, 1918, is a good survey of the geography of British trade; and Adam W. Kirkaldy, **British shipping, London, 1914, includes both history and recent organization. **British industries, edited by W. J. Ashley, is, however, the book deserving of the warmest recommendation; nowhere else will the reader find such good descriptions of the leading industries of Great Britain. Each industry is described by a specialist of recognized authority, and though the book does not go far into history it gives indispensable information on the recent results of historical development. More popular and less valuable is Great industries of Great Britain, London, Cassell, no date (about 1880?), 3 vols. CHAPTER XXXVIII ENGLAND: PRE-WAR PROBLEMS