And general importance 117 Joubert: his reputation 118 His literary αὐτάρκεια 118 The Law of Poetry 119 More on that subject 119 On Style 120 Miscellaneous Criticisms 121 His individual judgments more dubious 122 The reason for this 123 Additional illustrations 123 General remarks 125 The other “Empire Critics” 126 Fontanes 127 Geoffroy 128 Dussault 129 Hoffman, Garat, &c. 129 Ginguené 130 M. J. Chénier 131 Lemercier 131 Feletz 132 Cousin 133 Villemain 133 His claims 133 Deductions to be made from them 134 Beyle 135 _Racine et Shakespeare_ 136 His attitude here 138 And elsewhere 138 Nodier 139 CHAPTER V. ÆSTHETICS AND THEIR INFLUENCE. The present chapter itself a kind of excursus 141 A parabasis on “philosophical” criticism 141 Modern Æsthetics: their fount in Descartes and its branches 146 In Germany: negative as well as positive inducements 147 Baumgarten 148 _De Nonnullis ad Poema Pertinentibus_ 148 And its definition of poetry 148 The _Aletheophilus_ 149 The _Æsthetica_ 149 Sulzer 150 Eberhard 151 France: the Père André, his _Essai sur le Beau_ 151 Italy: Vico 152