CHAPTER IV. LATER GERMAN CRITICISM. Heine: deceptiveness of his criticism 563 In the _Romantische Schule_, and elsewhere 563 The qualities and delights of it 564 Schopenhauer 566 Vividness and originality of his critical observation 567 _Die Welt als Wille_, &c. 568 Grillparzer 569 His motto in criticism 569 His results in aphorism 570 And in individual judgment 571 A critic of limitations: but a critic 571 Carrière: his _Æsthetik_ 573 Later German Shakespeare-critics 575 Gervinus: his _German Poetry_ 575 On Bürger 576 The Shakespeare-heretics: Rümelin 577 Freytag 578 Hillebrand and cosmopolitan criticism 579 Nietzsche 581 _Zarathustra_, the _Birth of Tragedy_, and _Der Fall Wagner_ 582 _Unzeitgemässe Betrachtungen_ 582 _La Gaya Scienza_ 583 _Jenseits von Gut und Böse_, &c. 584 _Götzen-Dämmerung_ 585 His general critical position 586 CHAPTER V. REVIVALS AND COMMENCEMENTS. Limitations of this chapter 587 Spain 588 Italy 588 De Sanctis 589 Character of his work 590 Switzerland 591 Vinet 592 Sainte-Beuve on him 592 His criticism of Chateaubriand and Hugo 593 His general quality 593 Amiel: great interest of his critical impressions 594 Examples thereof 595 The pity of it 597 CONCLUSION. § I. THE PRESENT STATE OF CRITICISM 603 § II. THE CONCLUSION OF THE WHOLE MATTER 610