———————————————————————————————————————————————————————— Transcriber’s note: No major corrections have been made in the text, except a few to have consistency in spelling and hyphenations. Captions have been added to the portraits of dentists for clarity. ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF [Illustration: The National Dental Association’s mark.] THE NATIONAL DENTAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA A HISTORY OF DENTISTRY FROM THE MOST ANCIENT TIMES UNTIL THE END OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BY DR. VINCENZO GUERINI, CAV. UFF. SURGEON-DENTIST, NAPLES, ITALY; DENTIST BY APPOINTMENT TO THE ROYAL HOUSE; DENTIST OF THE SURGICAL CLINIC OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES; EDITOR OF THE ITALIAN REVIEW L’ODONTO-STOMATOLOGIA; AUTHOR OF MANY ODONTOLOGICAL WORKS; HONORARY PRESIDENT AD VITAM OF THE ITALIAN ODONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY; MEMBER OF THE ITALIAN SOCIETY OF SCIENTISTS, LITERARY MEN, AND ARTISTS; OFFICER OF THE ORDER OF THE CROWN OF ITALY; DOCTOR OF DENTAL SURGERY AD HONOREM OF THE CHICAGO COLLEGE OF DENTAL SURGERY; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE NATIONAL DENTAL ASSOCIATION, U.S.A.; MEMBER OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL OF THE FEDERATION DENTAIRE INTERNATIONALE; TITULAR MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF THE PARIS DENTAL SCHOOL AND DISPENSARY; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ODONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF MALAGA, ETC. With 104 Engravings and 20 Plates [Illustration: Printer’s mark.] LEA & FEBIGER PHILADELPHIA AND NEW YORK 1909 COPYRIGHT, 1909 BY THE NATIONAL DENTAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA PREFACE. The idea of writing a History of Dentistry first suggested itself to me ten years ago, when I was charged by the Organizing Committee of the Eleventh International Congress of Medicine with the reproduction and description of all the appliances of ancient dental prosthesis existing in the museums of Italy. The highly interesting researches in which I then became engaged in order to carry out worthily the important mission intrusted to me, awoke in me the desire to gain still further acquaintance with all that relates to dental art in the time of the ancients. I was thus urged on to ever fresh efforts, not only in the discovery of prosthetic appliances and other objects of ancient dentistry, but in the study, as well, of dental literature and of all the written matter that might throw light on dentistry in past ages. This subject has already occupied many before me, and each one has brought to it his contribution of greater or less value, some in the form of short pamphlets, others in that of larger works.