name we know is simply the Latin _brassica_; and the colewort, which was named _cawl_, and _cawl-wyrt_, was derived from the Latin _caulis_. So the turnip was called _næpe_, from the Latin _napus_; and _rædic_, or radish, is perhaps from _raphanus_.[29] Garden cresses, parsley, mint, sage, rue, and other herbs,[30] were in use, but mostly, except the cresses, with Latin names. We have long lists of flowering plants in the Anglo-Saxon vocabularies, but as they are often difficult to identify, and, being chiefly enumerated for their medicinal qualities, are mostly wild plants, they throw little light on the character of the flower-garden. For the garden rose and the lily they used the Roman names _rose_ and _lilie_; the latter appears to have been an especially favourite flower among the Anglo-Saxons. Among other plants, evidently belonging to the garden, are suthernwood, _sutherne-wude_, the turnsole or sunflower, called _sigel-hwerfe_ (the gem-turned) or _solsæce_ (which is merely the Latin _solsequium_), the violet (_clæfre_), the marigold, called _read-clæfre_, the gilliflower, _hwit-clæfre_, the periwinkle, _pervincæ_, the honeysuckle, _hunig-sucle_, the piony, for which the Anglo-Saxons had only the Latin word _pionia_, the daisy, _dæges-eage_, and the _laur-beam_, which was perhaps the bay-tree rather than the laurel. The chief fruit of the Anglo-Saxons was undoubtedly the apple, the name of which, _æppel_, belongs to their language. The tree was called an _apulder_, and the only varieties mentioned are the _surmelst apulder_, or souring apple-tree, and the _swite apulder_, or sweeting apple-tree. The Anglo-Saxons had orchards containing only apple-trees, to which they gave the name of an _apulder-tun_, or apple-tree garden; of the fruit of which they made what they called, and we still call, cider, and which they also called _æppel-win_, or apple-wine. They appear to have received the pear from the Romans, as its name _pera_, a pear, and _piriga_, a pear-tree, was evidently taken from _pirus_. They had also derived from the Roman gardens, no doubt, the cherry-tree (_cyrs-treow_, or _ciris-beam_, from the Latin _cerasus_), the peach (_persoc-treow_, from _persicarius_), the mulberry (_mor-beam_, from _morus_), the chestnut (_cysten_, _cyst_, or _cystel-beam_, from _castaneus_),[31] perhaps the almond (_magdala-treow_, from _amigdalus_), the fig (_fic-beam_, from _ficus_), and the pine (_pin-treow_, from _pinus_). The small kernels of the pine were used very extensively in the middle ages, in the same way as olives. We must add to these the plum (_plum-treow_), the name of which is Anglo-Saxon; the medlar, which was known in Anglo-Saxon by a very unexplainable name, but one which was preferred to a comparatively recent period; the quince, which was called a _cod-æple_, or bag-apple; the nut (_hnutu_), and the hazel-nut (_hæsel-hnutu_). They called the olive an oil-tree (_ale-beam_), which would seem to prove that they considered its