As a mark of great familiarity, two princes, Pepin’s son, Charles, and the duke Namles, are represented in the romance of “Ogier” as one, Charles, holding his hand on the duke’s shoulder, while the duke held him by his mantle, as they walked along; they were going to church together:-- _Kalles sa main li tint desus l’espaule;_ _Namles tint lui par le mantel de paile._ --Roman d’Ogier, p. 143. [Illustration: _No. 198. A Bishop Preaching._] It may be remarked that sitting was equally a matter of etiquette with walking, though we sometimes meet with ladies and gentlemen seated in a manner which is anything but ceremonious. In the annexed cut (No. 198), taken from a manuscript of the fourteenth century, the reference to which I have unfortunately lost, a number of ladies, seated on the ground, and apparently in the open air, are listening to the admonitions of an episcopal preacher. As I have introduced the subject of the love of our forefathers for trees and flowers, some account of gardening in the middle ages will not be out of place, especially as what has hitherto been written on the history of gardening in England during this early period, has been very imperfect and incorrect. We have no direct information relating to the gardens of our Anglo-Saxon forefathers--in fact, our knowledge is limited to a few words gathered from the old vocabularies. The ordinary names for a garden, _wyrt-tun_ and _wyrt-geard_, a plant-inclosure and a plant-yard, are entirely indefinite, for the word _wyrt_ was applied to all plants whatever, and perhaps they indicate what we should call the kitchen-garden. The latter word, which was sometimes spelt _ort-geard_, _orc-geard_, and _orcyrd_, was the origin of our modern _orchard_, which is now limited to an inclosure of fruit-trees. Flowers were probably cultivated in the inclosed space round the houses. It would appear that the Saxons, before they became acquainted with the Romans, cultivated very few plants, if we may judge from the circumstance that throughout the Anglo-Saxon period the names by which these were known were nearly all derived from the Latin. The leek appears to have been the principal table vegetable among the Anglo-Saxons, as it was among the Welsh its name, _leac_, or _leah_, is pure Anglo-Saxon, and its importance was considered so much above that of any other vegetable, that _leac-tun_, the leek-garden, became the common name for the kitchen-garden, and _leac-weard_, a leek-keeper, was used to designate the gardener. The other alliaceous plants were considered as so many varieties of the leek, and were known by such names as _enne-leac_, or _ynne-leac_, supposed to be the onion, and _gar-leac_, or garlic. _Bean_ is also an Anglo-Saxon word; but, singularly enough, the Anglo-Saxons seem not to have been originally acquainted with peas, for the only name they had for them was the Latin _pisa_, and _pyse_. Even for the cabbage tribe, the only Anglo-Saxon