SPAIN AND PORTUGAL, 1803-1814 616 EUROPE IN 1811-1812 620 THE BATTLE OF WATERLOO 629 SEBASTOPOL, 1854 686 THEATRE OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN WAR OF 1899-1902 730 INDIA, 1815-1890 736 GENEALOGICAL TABLES. PAGE THE HOUSE OF ECGBERT 66 THE HOUSE OF WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR 80 THE SCOTTISH SUCCESSION, 1292 160 THE FRENCH SUCCESSION, 1337 184 THE DESCENDANTS OF EDWARD III. 201 THE KIN OF CHARLES V. 286 THE SPANISH SUCCESSION, 1699 457 The HOUSE OF STUART 481 The HOUSE OF HANOVER 497 A HISTORY OF ENGLAND. CHAPTER I. CELTIC AND ROMAN BRITAIN. In the dim dawn of history our island was a land of wood and marsh, broken here and there by patches of open ground, and pierced by occasional track-ways, which threaded the forest and circled round the edges of the impassable fen. The inhabited districts of the country were not the fertile river-bottoms where population grew thick in after-days; these were in primitive times nothing but sedgy water-meadows or matted thickets. Men dwelt rather on the thinly wooded upland, where, if the soil was poor, it was at any rate free from the tangled undergrowth that covered the valleys. It was on the chalk ridges of Kent or Wilts, or the moorland hills of Yorkshire or Cornwall, rather than on the brink of the Thames or Severn, that the British tribes clustered thick. Down by the rivers there were but small settlements of hunters and fishers perched on some knoll that rose above the brake and the rushes. The earliest explorers from the south, who described the inhabitants of Britain, seem to have noticed little difference between one wild tribe and another. But as a matter of fact the islanders were divided into two or perhaps three distinct races, who had passed westward into our island at very different dates. First had come a short dark people, who knew not the use of metals, and wielded weapons of flint and bone. They were in the lowest grade of savagery, had not even learnt to till the soil, and lived by fishing and hunting. They dwelt in rude huts, or even in the caves from which they had driven out the bear and the wolf. [Sidenote: =The Celts, Gael, and Britons.=]