A History of English VersificationSchipper, J. (Jakob)
History
A History of English Versification
Schipper, J. (Jakob)
English language -- Versification; English poetry -- History and criticism
_þā tō=b=rǣ́d Sámson_ =b=ḗgen his éarmas
þæt þā rā́pas to=b=_úrston þe he mid ge=b=únden wæs._
Ælf. Judges 269;
and earlier in Andreas 70, 197, 372, 796, 815, 1087, &c., or in Beowulf
403, 489, 644, 799, 865, 898, &c.
And even three lines in succession, as
_swýlce he ā=f=ḗdde of =f=íxum twā́m
ond of =f=ī́f hlā́fum =f=ī́ra cýnnes
=f=ī́f þū̀sendo; =f=ḗðan sǣ́ton._ An. 589 ff.
This usage, which in Middle English became very popular, is noticeably
frequent in the poem of Judith, probably with a view to emphasis. Many
examples of such pairs of verses are to be found collected by Dr. A.
Brandeis from Ælfric.
The unaccented words may begin with the same letter as the accented
words which bear the alliteration proper,[85] as
_ne hīe huru =h=éofona =h=élm =h=érian ne cū̀ðon._
Beow. 182,
or one of the unaccented words may begin with the same letter as an
accented word which does not alliterate, as
_þæt fram =h=ā́m gefrǣ́gn =H=ígelāces bégn._ Beow. 194;
this of course has nothing to do with alliteration, though in later
times it was often mistaken for it.
Verses without any alliteration at all, as
_he hélpeð þéarfan swýlce ēac wǣ́dlan._ Ps. lxxi. 13,
occur only in late OE. poetry like Ælfric's Homilies, and when rhyme was
beginning to creep in.
§ =35. Alliteration in relation to the parts of speech and to the order
the order of words.= Both alliteration and the whole structure of the
alliterative line depend in the first place on the natural or
etymological accent of the single words, and next on the syntactical
accent which these words bear in their relation to one another in the
sentence. Just as only the accented syllable of a single word can take
part in the alliteration, so only can those words take part in it which
are marked out in the sentence as important and therefore strongly
accented.
The relative degree of stress is influenced at times by the rhetorical
accent, but generally speaking we find a certain gradation of accent
among the accented words depending on their intrinsic and not on their
rhetorical importance in building up the sentence.
Two general principles may be laid down: (1) If the syntactical value
of the two accented syllables of the hemistich is not equal, then the
word which has the stronger accent of the two is chosen to alliterate.
In the second hemistich it is always the first accented word (the 'head
stave'), in the first hemistich it is generally the first accented
word, though the second accented word may alliterate as well. (2) If
the two accented syllables of the section are equal in syntactical
value, then the first alliterates, and when double alliteration is
allowed the second may also alliterate.
The various grammatical classes of words are treated in regard to the
alliteration in the following way:--
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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