A History of English VersificationSchipper, J. (Jakob)
History
A History of English Versification
Schipper, J. (Jakob)
English language -- Versification; English poetry -- History and criticism
It is of special interest, however, to notice that words of Romanic
origin which in the course of time had been introduced into the language
are in many cases accented according to Germanic usage. Words of which
the last syllable was accented in French have in their Middle-English
form the chief accent thrown on a preceding, frequently on the first,
syllable, and in consequence of this the originally fully accented
syllable in trisyllabic words receives the secondary accent and is
treated in the rhythm of the verse in the same way as syllables with
a secondary accent in English words. The laws, too, which in Old English
affect the subordination and position of the parts of speech in their
relationship to the rhythm of the verse and to the alliteration, remain,
generally speaking, in force. It is remarkable that 'if an attributive
adjective is joined to a substantive, and a verb to a prepositional
adverb, the first part of these groups of words still has the chief
accent' (Luick). The relationship, on the other hand, of verse and
sentence is changed. While in Old English poetry run-on-lines were
very popular and new sentences therefore frequently began in the
middle of a line, after the caesura, we find that in Middle English, as
a rule, the end of the sentence coincides with the end of the line.
Hence every line forms a unity by itself, and the chief pause falls at
the end, not, as was frequently the case in Old English times, after the
caesura.
§ =54. Alliteration.= On the whole, the same laws regarding the
position of the alliterative sounds are still in force as before; it is
indeed remarkable that they are sometimes even more strictly observed.
In the _Destruction of Troy_, e.g. triple alliteration according to the
formula _a a a x_ is employed throughout.
_Now of =T=róy forto =t=élle | is myn en=t=ént euyn,
Of the =st=óure and þe =st=rýfe, | when it di=st=róyet wás._
Prol. 27-8.
Alongside of this order of alliteration we find in most of the other
poems the other schemes of alliteration popular in Old English times,
e.g. _a x a x, x a a x, a b a b, a b b a_:
_In þe =f=órmest yére, | that he =f=írst réigned._ Als. 40.
_Þénne gonne I =m=éeten | a =m=érvelous svévene._ P. P. Prol. 11.
_I had =m=índe on my =s=lépe | by =m=éting of =s=wéuen._ Als. 969.
_And =f=ónd as þe =m=éssageres | hade =m=únged be=f=óre._ W. 4847.
Irregularities, however, in the position of the alliteration are
frequently met with, e.g. parallel alliteration: _a a, b b_:
_What þis =m=óuntein be=m=éneþ | and þis =d=érke =d=ále._ P. P. i. 1;
or the chief alliterative sound (the 'head-stave') may be placed in the
last accented syllable (_a a x a_):
_'Now be =C=ríst,' quod the =k=íng, | 'ȝif I míhte =c=hácche._
ib. ii. 167;
or it may be wanting entirely, especially in _William of Palerne_:
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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