It is usually asserted that the economic thought of the past century has been practically unaffected by Greek ideas. But our previous discussion has clearly shown that Plato and Xenophon, at least, dominated the economic thinking of Ruskin. If further evidence is needed, it is necessary only to turn to the names of Greek thinkers in the index to the monumental new edition of his works, which we have frequently cited above. He frankly and enthusiastically presents himself as an apostle of a “Greek theory of economics.”[1065] But despite some of his utopian and extravagant ideas, he is being ever more recognized by authorities in economics as having been one of the chief factors in the development of political economy to its present moral and humanitarian emphasis.[1066] His repudiation of the abstract “economic man,” his insistence upon human, moral, and social ideals in economics, his attempt to broaden the definition of economic value and wealth by emphasizing true utility, his constant stress upon proper consumption rather than upon production, his demand that all have opportunity up to their capacity, his opposition to the _laissez-faire_ policy in economics and politics, his emphasis upon right education, all have borne rich and abiding fruit in the last few decades, and these are all distinctively Greek ideas, as we have seen above. Thus indirectly, through Ruskin, Greek economic thought has exerted a potent influence upon the evolution of nineteenth-century economics, and thus there is much truth in the words of Wagner, as quoted by Oncken,[1067] not merely for German, but for all modern economy: “Es ist im Grunde uralter wahrhaft classischer Boden, auf den jetzt die deutsche ökonomische und soziale Theorie und Praxis sich bewusst wieder stellen.” Souchon’s characterization of Greek economy as “morale étatisme”[1068] could well be applied to much in the economic thought of today. Footnote 1060: _Op. cit._, p. 195; Roscher is, of course, extreme in his appreciation. Footnote 1061: Cf. Brants, _Les théories écon. au XIII et XIV siècle_; Espinas, _Histoire des doctrines économiques_, pp. 72 ff.; Haney, _op. cit._, pp. 69 ff. Footnote 1062: In his _De origine, natura, jure, et mutationibus monetarum_ (fourteenth century). On their dependence upon Aristotle, cf. Zmavc, _Zeitschr. f. d. gesammt. Staatswiss._, 1902, pp. 54 and 77 f.; and _Archiv f. d. Gesch. der Phil._, 1899, 407 ff. Footnote 1063: Cf. Souchon, pp. 199 f., who observes that the Greek moral goal was perfection of the individual through the state, while that of the Middle Ages was individual salvation to another world. Footnote 1064: Cf. Oncken, _op. cit._, p. 38. Footnote 1065: