II. ECONOMIC IDEAS BEFORE PLATO, AND REASONS FOR THE UNDEVELOPED CHARACTER OF GREEK ECONOMICS 14 III. PLATO 22 1. General standpoint. 2. Theory of value. 3. Wealth: theory; moral attitude. 4. Production. _a_) Agriculture. _b_) Capital. _c_) Labor and industry: (1) Plato’s attitude toward. (2) Division of labor. (3) Slavery. 5. Money: theory; moral attitude; interest. 6. Exchange: theory; criticism of Plato’s negative attitude. 7. Population. 8. Distribution: theory; attitude toward laboring classes. 9. Communistic and socialistic ideas. _a_) Reasons for such tendencies in Greek thought. _b_) _Republics_ before Plato: Hippodamas; Phaleas. _c_) Plato’s _Republic_. _d_) Plato’s _Laws_. IV. XENOPHON 63 1. Double standpoint. 2. Theory of value. 3. Wealth: practical interest in. 4. Production. _a_) Theory; positive interest. _b_) Agriculture. _c_) Capital. _d_) Labor and industry. (1) Positive interest in its development. (2) Division of labor. (3) Slavery. 5. Money: theory; in favor of unlimited increase. 6. Exchange: proposed means for its free development. 7. Population. 8. Distribution: attitude toward masses. 9. Socialistic tendencies in the _Revenues_. V. THE ORATORS—DEMOSTHENES, ISOCRATES 77 VI. ARISTOTLE 81 1. Attitude toward matters economic; domestic and public economy. 2. Theory of value. 3. Wealth: theory; negative attitude toward. 4. Production: theory; negative standpoint. _a_) Agriculture. _b_) Capital: theory; negative interest. _c_) Labor and industry. (1) Negative attitude. (2) Division of labor. (3) Slavery. 5. Money: origin; theory; interest; reasons for the negative attitude of Aristotle and other Greek philosophers. 6. Exchange: theory; tariff; criticism of “chrematistik.” 7. Population. 8. Distribution: theory; attitude toward masses. 9. Communism and socialism. _a_) Negative criticism of Plato’s _Republic_ and other systems. _b_) Positive theory. VII. MINOR PHILOSOPHERS, CONTEMPORARIES OR SUCCESSORS OR PLATO AND ARISTOTLE 125 1. The Academy, Speusippus, Xenocrates, Crantor. 2. Theophrastus. 3. _Economica_; the pseudo-Aristotelian _Economica_. 4. Cyrenaics: Aristippus; Bion. 5. Epicureans. 6. Cynics: Antisthenes; Diogenes; Crates. 7. Pseudo-Platonic _Eryxias_. 8. Teles. 9. Stoics: Zeno; Aristo; Cleanthes; Chrysippus; Plutarch. 10. Communistic tendencies after Aristotle. VIII. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS ON THE IMPORTANCE AND INFLUENCE OR GREEK ECONOMICS 146 BIBLIOGRAPHY 151 INDEX 157 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION