Boeckh, _Die Staataushaltung der Athener_, I, pp. 382 ff.; Zimmern, _op. cit._, 1st ed., p. 317. But cf. Brants, _Xenophon Economiste_, p. 18, n. 2 and references, on the protectionist tendency of the commercial policy of Athens. Footnote 209: _Laws_ 847C; Souchon (_op. cit._, p. 102) sees in this a mercantile trend, but the purposes are entirely different. Footnote 210: 847B. Footnote 211: _Rep._ 371C-D. Footnote 212: _Laws_ 918B-C. Footnote 213: _Rep._ 369C. Footnote 214: On the relation of exchange to production, cf. above, p. 28. Footnote 215: Pp. 19 ff. Footnote 216: P. 41 and notes. Footnote 217: _Laws_ 918B. Footnote 218: 918D. Footnote 219: 918E. Footnote 220: P. 41 and notes. Footnote 221: _Laws_ 918A, 920C. He seems to feel that trade as regularly pursued is a form of cheatery, in which one gains what the other loses. Cf. Ruskin, _Unto This Last_, I, 22 (Vol. XVII, 40 f.); IV, 66 ff. (Vol. XVII, 90 ff.); _Mun. Pul._, IV 95 ff. (Vol. XVII, 217 ff.), where he refers to _Rep._ 426E, on the difficulty of curing this disease of traders; cf. Vol. XVII, _Intro._, p. xlvi, citing Xen. _Mem._, iii. 7. 5, 6, on those who are “always thinking how they may buy cheapest and sell dearest.” Footnote 222: _Rep._ 371C. Footnote 223: 416A-417A. Footnote 224: Cf. 415E, χρηματιστικάς in contrast to στρατιωτικάς. Footnote 225: 741E, 743D, 919D. Footnote 226: 920A. Footnote 227: 919D. Footnote 228: 915A-B, though it applies especially to freedmen. Footnote 229: 850B-C, and n. 1, above. Footnote 230: 919C. Footnote 231: 849D-E, 850A, 915D; cf. _infra_ on this and the other regulations in their application to modern economics. Footnote 232: 916D-E; cf. 917. Footnote 233: 917B-D. Footnote 234: 920B-C. Plato’s market regulations would exclude all selfish competition and all gain, beyond mere return for labor expended, from exchange, and would base it upon a mutual spirit of reciprocity. Thus here, as often, he is the model for Aristotle, who usually fails to recognize his debt. Espinas (_Revue des Etudes Grecques_, XXVII [1914], 246) is hardly in accord with the modern spirit in declaring that competition is the social bond, and that Plato misconceives the nature of this bond. Footnote 235: 920A-B, 919D. Footnote 236: _Laws_ 920C. Footnote 237: Zimmern (_op. cit._, p. 280, n. 1) calls it “grandfatherly.” Footnote 238: But cf. Robin, _op. cit._, p. 212, n. 1, who argues that many of his suggestions are based on actual legislation in Athens or elsewhere in Greece. Cf. also Hermann, _Ges. Abh._ (1849), pp. 141, 153, 159, whom he cites; J. Schulte, _Quomodo Plato in legibus publica Atheniensium instituta respexerit_ (1907, dissertation), and the bibliography cited there. But he deals very little with Plato’s economic and social laws. Footnote 239: