Transcriber's Notes: Italic text is marked _thus_. The original accentuation, punctuation, spelling and hyphenation has been retained. See further Transcriber's Notes at the end of the book. _HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE._ [Illustration] _POPULAR COUNTY HISTORIES._ A HISTORY OF LANCASHIRE. BY LIEUT.-COLONEL HENRY FISHWICK, F.S.A., _Author of "The Lancashire Library," "The History of Kirkham," "The History of Rochdale," etc._ LONDON: ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C. 1894. [Illustration] PREFACE. The enormous amount of material, printed and in manuscript, which is available for a History of Lancashire, makes the writing of a popular work on that subject by no means an easy task; indeed, when first mentioned to me, I thought it was almost impossible, by any process of selection, to produce within the compass of an ordinary octavo volume such a book as would be a popular history, and yet not fail to present a faithful picture of the county. However, I have made the attempt, and in accomplishing the task I must have necessarily left out much which many readers would prefer should have been inserted; but I trust that I have not inserted what some would wish I had omitted. I have endeavoured to confine myself as far as possible to the history of the county as a whole, and have not allowed myself to go into personal or local details except when such were required to illustrate the subject in hand. Of the large army of Lancashire authors and celebrities I have said nothing, as strictly speaking personal notices belong rather to biography than history; and if it were not so, I may, I think, stand excused, as to have merely given their names would have well-nigh filled the volume. In making my selection of materials from the almost inexhaustible stores at my disposal, I have rejected everything which in my opinion is not capable of being well authenticated. In a work of this character it is not desirable to encumber the text with the very large number of references to authorities which otherwise might be required. The reader, however, may rest assured that I have in no case drawn on my imagination for my facts, neither have I accepted the statements of others without first satisfying myself that those statements are trustworthy and reliable. HENRY FISHWICK. THE HEIGHTS, ROCHDALE. [Illustration] [Illustration] CONTENTS. CHAPTER PAGE PREFACE v I. INTRODUCTORY 1 II. PRE-ROMAN LANCASHIRE 5 III. THE ROMANS AS CONQUERORS AND RULERS 13 IV. ROMAN REMAINS 20 V. THE SAXON AND THE DANE 41 VI. THE NORMANS AND THE PLANTAGENETS (A.D. 1066-1485) 52 VII. LANCASHIRE IN THE TIME OF THE TUDORS (A.D. 1485-1603) 88