The arrival of the Duke of Cumberland and his forces in Lancashire soon re-established public peace and confidence. The rebellion terminated at the battle of Culloden, on April 16 following. The Prince ultimately escaped to France. Amongst those taken as prisoners-of-war there were several Lancashire men, who had mostly been part of the unfortunate so-called Manchester Regiment, although, according to one account, it was by no means composed solely of men from that town. Francis Townley was a Roman Catholic, and a son of one of the Townleys of Townley, but, owing to some family circumstance, he had for a time before the rebellion been living in France. On coming to Manchester he made friends with some of the leading Jacobites, amongst whom was Dr. Byrom. He appears to have joined the Prince at Carlisle, and accompanied him through England. In the rapid retreat which followed, he went as far as Carlisle, and was there left with some 400 men, while the Prince and the main body of Highlanders went over the Border. By this time nearly two-thirds of the Manchester Regiment had deserted. Thomas Syddal (the son of the Syddal executed after the 1715 rebellion) (see p. 248), was also left in Carlisle, and acted as adjutant, for which post, being like his father a peruke-maker by trade, he could scarcely be qualified, neither could Captain George Fletcher, who heretofore had managed his mother's drapery shop in Salford. Another Manchester man was Thomas Cappoch (the son of a well-to-do tailor), who joined the Pretender as chaplain, and during the occupation of the capital of Cumberland by the rebels was appointed as "Bishop of Carlisle."[221] There were also three sons of the nonjuring Dr. Thomas Deacon. On the surrender of Carlisle, the officers of the Manchester Regiment, twenty in number, and ninety-three non-commissioned officers and privates, were all taken prisoners and conveyed in waggons to London,[222] and placed in Newgate. On the trial, which began July 16, 1746, all the prisoners were found guilty, and nine were ordered to be executed, which sentence was duly carried out on Kennington Common on July 20. The heads of Townley and George Fletcher were placed on Temple Bar, but the heads of Syddal and Thomas Deacon were sent to Manchester, and there fixed on spikes on the top of the Exchange; and it is said that one of the first who came to look at them was Dr. Deacon himself, who, taking off his hat, expressed his satisfaction that his son had died a martyr. After this no Jacobite passed the Exchange (so long as the heads remained there) without reverently removing his hat. Thomas Cappoch and eight others were hung, drawn and quartered at Carlisle on October 18, 1746. Many of the other Lancashire men, though convicted of high-treason, were afterwards pardoned. [Illustration] [Footnote 217: S. Hibbert Ware, M.D. See _Chetham Society_, v. (old series), from which many of the facts concerning this rebellion are taken.]