[Footnote 218: Works consulted: Patten's "History of the Rebellion," Rae's "History of the Rebellion," "Lancashire Memorials of 1715" (_Chetham Soc._, v.), "Manchester Collectanea" (_Chetham Soc._, lxviii.), "History of Garstang," etc.] [Footnote 219: His real name was Hoghton.] [Footnote 220: A clergyman of the Church of England.] [Footnote 221: "The Authentic History of the Life and Character of Thomas Cappoch (the rebel Bishop of Carlisle), etc."; London, 1739.] [Footnote 222: One of Dr. Deacon's sons died on the road.] [Illustration] CHAPTER XI. PROGRESS IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. The general appearance of the chief Lancashire towns in the early part of the eighteenth century has been graphically described by a lady who rode through England on horseback;[223] and from this source we take our descriptions of Manchester, Liverpool, Lancaster, Wigan, Preston, and Rochdale. Manchester consisted of not very lofty, but substantially built houses, mostly of brick and stone, the older houses being of wood; from the churchyard you could see the whole of the town. The market-place was large, and took up the length of two streets, when it was kept for the sale of the "linnen-cloth and cottontickens," which were the chief manufactures of the place. Liverpool was also mostly of brick and stone, but the houses were "high and even that a streete quite through looked very handsome"; in fact, the fair equestrienne describes it as "London in miniature," and was much struck with its Exchange, standing on eight pillars, and over it "a very handsome Town-hall," from the tower of which you could see the whole country round. Lancaster was "old and much decayed," and some of the carved stones and figures belonging to the dissolved priory were still to be seen. The town was not much given to trade, though within it various trades were carried on; some of the streets were "well pitch'd and of good size." Preston was a very good market-town, leather, corn, coals, butter, cheese, and garden produce being exposed for sale. At the entrance to the town was a lawyer's house, all of stone, with fine windows in the front, and "high built, according to ye eastern buildings near London; on each side of it were neatly kept gardens. There were in some parts of the town some more of these handsome houses, and the streets were spacious and well pitch'd." Wigan is described as another "pretty market town, built of stone and brick," and as being the place where the "fine channell coales" are in perfection, and the writer adds, "Set the coales together with some fire, and it shall give a snap and burn up light." The Wigan people at this time were in the habit of making salt-cellars, stand-dishes, and small boxes out of cannel, and these were sent to London as curiosities.