the reduction amounted to something like fifty per cent.; in fact, the invaders must have set fire to buildings and laid waste the land all along their line of march. Clitheroe Castle, though perhaps never a very extensive fortification, is one of the oldest foundations in the county, probably dating back to Saxon times. It stands in a commanding situation on the summit of a rock rising out of the plain, about a mile from Pendle Hill; in Domesday Book it is described as the Castle of Roger (Roger de Lacy). Of the original building nothing is now left but the keep, a square tower of small dimensions. The honour dependent upon this castle extended over a very large area, part only of which is in Lancashire; it included Whalley, Blackburn, Chipping, Ribchester, Tottington (in Salford Hundred), and Rochdale, and consequently the manors of all these places were at one time held of the castle of Clitheroe. Henry de Lacy, second Earl of Lincoln and great-grandson of Roger de Lacy, was born in 1250, and, like his ancestor, he made this castle his Lancashire stronghold and residence, and here each year his tenants and the stewards of the various manors attended his courts to render in their accounts and offer the suit and service required. The town of Clitheroe must, on the occasions when the Earl was at the castle, have put on a festive appearance, as the lord of the honour is said to have assumed an almost regal state. Several of the accounts of the stewards, parkers, and other servants of the Earl have fortunately been preserved, and we are by them enabled to get a glimpse at the social life of the Lancashire people between the years 1295 and 1305.[81] We find that, besides the forests of Pendle, Accrington, Rossendale and Trawden, there were parks at Ightenhill and Musbury, well stocked with deer. There were over twenty vaccaries, or breeding farms, all of which added to the Earl's income. On the estates were iron forges, and iron smelting was practised, and of course coal was dug up from the seams lying near the surface. The following extracts from these rolls will serve to illustrate the historical value of the details furnished.[82] Full allowance must be made by the reader for the difference in value of money between the thirteenth and the nineteenth centuries;[83] and it must be remembered that labourers in addition to their wages generally received rations, and were sometimes housed. £ _s._ _d._ 82½ stone of cheese and 27½ stone of butter 2 10 2 2 wagons, etc., and 2 axes 0 3 9½ Food and wages for a man leading the wagons and cart during one year, and carrying hay and fencing 1 5 5½ Mowing 11½ acres of meadow 0 5 9 Threshing and winnowing 53 quarters 0 3 10½ Rebuilding and roofing a house 0 19 0¾