DANIEL OF MORLEY AND ROGER OF HEREFORD: OR ASTROLOGY IN ENGLAND IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE TWELFTH CENTURY Daniel’s education--(Bibliographical note)--Defense of Arabian learning--A moderate treatment of moot points between science and religion--The four elements and fifth essence--Superiors and inferiors--Daniel’s astronomy--Astrological argument--Astrology and other sciences--Daniel and Greek: a misinterpretation--Daniel and the church: a misinterpretation--Daniel’s future influence--Roger of Hereford--An astrology in four parts--Another astrology in four parts--_Book of Three General Judgments_--Summary. [Sidenote: Daniel’s education.] In discussing Gerard of Cremona in a previous chapter we noticed the studies at Toledo of Daniel _de Merlai_ or of Morley, how he heard Gerard translate the _Almagest_ into Latin and defend the fatal influence of the stars, and Galippus, the Mozarab, teach concerning the universe in “the tongue of Toledo,”--presumably Spanish. Like Adelard of Bath, Daniel had long absented himself from England in the pursuit of learning, and had first spent some time at Paris, apparently engaged in the study of Roman law. He became disgusted, however, with the instruction there and in his preface[496] speaks sarcastically of “the brutes” (_bestiales_) who occupied professorial chairs “with grave authority” and read from codices too heavy to carry (_importabiles_) which reproduced in golden letters the traditions of Ulpian. Holding lead pencils in their hands, they marked these volumes reverently with obeli and asterisks. They wished to conceal their ignorance by maintaining a dignified and statuesque silence, “but when they tried to say something, I found them most childish.” Daniel accordingly made haste away to Spain to acquire the learning of the Arabs and to hear “wiser philosophers of the universe.” Finally, however, his friends summoned him back to England and he returned “with an abundant supply of precious volumes.” On his arrival he found that the interest in Roman law had almost completely eclipsed that in Greek philosophy, and that Aristotle and Plato were assigned to oblivion. Not wishing to remain the sole Greek among Romans, he prepared to withdraw again where the studies in which he was interested flourished. But on the way he met John, bishop of Norwich (1175-1200) who asked him many questions concerning his studies at Toledo and the marvels of that city, and concerning astronomy and the rule of the superior bodies over this sublunar world. Daniel’s present treatise gives a fuller reply to these inquiries than time then permitted him to make. In the following bibliographical note the MSS will be listed first and then the printed works by or concerning Daniel of Morley.