are conspicuous for "conjugal fidelity;" and they are very jealous, taking swift vengeance when infidelity is suspected.[317] Souza, who "lived in Brazil, in what is now the state of Bahia, from 1570 to 1587,"[318] says that "there are always jealousies among" the wives of the polygamous Tupinambás, especially on the part of the first wife, because usually she is "older than the others and less gentle."[319] On the other hand, the Jesuit Anchieta, who was in the same country "from 1553 until his death in 1597," declares that women frequently abandon their consorts to take other men "without any feeling upon the part of the husbands; and I never saw and never heard of any Indian killing any of his wives on account of any feeling about adultery;" but his narrative reveals unmistakable evidence of the existence of sexual jealousies.[320] [308] _Ibid._, 117-33, 495, 551. With this passage should be read his extremely interesting chapters on the "Courtship of Man," the "Means of Attraction," "Liberty of Choice," "Sexual Selection among Animals," "Sexual Selection of Man; Typical Beauty," and the "Law of Similarity." [309] FINCK, _Primitive Love_, 87 ff., criticises Westermarck's view, presenting a mass of facts to prove the absence of true jealousy among low races. [310] _Descent of Man_, 591; _cf._ WESTERMARCK, 117; and KAUTSKY, 194 ff. On jealousy among animals, see HELLWALD, _Die mensch. Familie_, 23, 37. [311] LE BON, _L'homme et les sociétés_, II, 293; WESTERMARCK, _op. cit._, 117; _cf._ GIRAUD-TEULON, _Origines du mariage_, 71. [312] _Tribes of California_, 412. [313] ADAIR, _History of the American Indians_, 143; WESTERMARCK, _op. cit._, 119. _Cf._ KLEMM, _Kulturgeschichte_, II, 80, who finds evidence in both Americas of male jealousy among the natives. [314] "Although the men are very jealous of the favors of their wives, and incontinence on the part of the latter is certain to be more or less severely punished, the male offender, if notoriously persistent in his efforts to obtain forbidden favors, is usually killed by the injured lover or husband." Separations are often caused by jealousy.--TURNER, "Ethnology of the Ungava District," _XI. Rep. Bureau of Eth._, 178, 188, 189. _Cf._ KRAUSE, _Die Tlinkit Indianer_, 221, who says the "betrayer of a woman, if he escapes the dagger of the offended husband, must pay for his offense with presents. If, however, he is a relative, he takes the position of a subordinate husband (_Nebenmann_) and must help contribute to the support of the woman."