[315] JOSÉ VIEIRA DE MAGALHÃES, "Familia e religião Selvagem," in his "Ensais de Anthropologia, Região e Raças Selvagens," published in _Revista Trimensal do Instituto ... do Brasil_, XXXVI, 108 ff. The passages quoted here and elsewhere from Magalhães are given in the translation made for the author by Professor J. C. Branner. The reports of MARTIUS, _Ethnographie_, I, 112, 115, 116, 119, 120; _idem_, _Rechtszustande_, 59, 63, 64, 66-68, seem to confirm that of Magalhães. [316] "I refer," he says, "to the uncatechised Indian, for the catechised one is, as a rule, a degraded being. Whether the system of catechising is bad, or whether in the efforts directed especially toward making a religious man, the development of the eminently social ideas of free labor is forgotten, or whether it is something else, the fact is this: the catechised Indian is a degraded man, without original customs, indifferent to everything and consequently to his wife and almost to his family." [317] "Of the Weddings and Marriages of the Abipones," in his _Account of the Abipones_, II, 213. Dobrizhoffer was eight years among this people during his stay in South America, 1749-67. [318] I am indebted to Professor J. C. Branner for a translation of the passages here and elsewhere quoted from Souza and Anchieta, as also for the dates. [319] SOUZA, "chap. clii, which treats of the manner of marriages of the Tupinambas," in his "Tratado descriptivo do Brazil em 1587," _Revista Inst. Hist._, XIV, 311 ff. [320] JOSÉ D'ANCHIETA, "Informação dos Casamentos dos Indios do Brazil," _Revista Trimensal de Hist. e Geog._, VIII, 254-62. "At most," he continues, "they beat the one guilty of adultery if they can, and he bears it patiently, knowing what he has done, except in case he is some great chief, and the woman has no father or strong brothers of whom he is afraid." Then the author relates how a "great chief," Ambirem, cruelly put a wife to death for adultery; but this act and others of the same sort he ascribes to the influence of the French, whom the good priest evidently does not like. In fact, among primitive peoples, as suggested by the preceding examples, death or other severe punishment is often the penalty for adultery. It is so in Polynesia, although the fault of the man is usually "condoned;"[321] as also in Micronesia, where the husband does not escape so easily.[322] Extraordinary precautions are sometimes taken to prevent marriage with an impure bride. Frequently the husband requires that the "woman he chooses for his wife shall belong to him, not during his life-time only, but after his death." Hence the widespread practice of sacrificing the wife at the death of the husband; and the frequent restraint upon the remarriage of widows is ascribed to the same cause.[323]