[600] BANCROFT, _op. cit._, I, 276, 277. According to WAKE, _Marriage and Kinship_, 183, the Indians of northern California are "so essentially wife purchasers that the children of a wife who has cost her husband nothing are looked upon as bastards and treated with contempt." [601] BANCROFT, _op. cit._, I, 349, 350. The old men have a similar monopoly among the Zulus: KOHLER, in _ZVR._, V, 350. [602] POWERS, _Tribes of California_, 22. A string of dentalium is worth $40 or $50, _ibid._, 21. [603] _Ibid._, 247. [604] WESTERMARCK, _op. cit._, 292, 293; SCHOOLCRAFT, _Indian Tribes_, IV, 214; LETHERMAN, "Sketch of the Navajo Tribe of Indians," _Rep. Smith. Inst._, 1855, 294. On wife-purchase, exchange of presents, and wedding ceremonial among American aborigines see further MARTIUS, _Rechtszustande_, 57, 58; _idem_, _Ethnographie_, I, 108-10; EELLS, "Indians of Wash. Ter.," _Rep. Smith. Inst._, 1887, 665 (price of woman $100 to $400); MCGEE, "Siouan Indians," _XV. Rep. of Bureau of Eth._, 178; DORSEY, "Siouan Sociology," _ibid._, XV, 242; TURNER, "Ethnology of the Ungava District," _ibid._, XI, 188; MACCAULEY, "Seminole Indians of Florida," _ibid._, V, 495, 496 (ceremonies); KOHLER, "Studien," _ZVR._, V, 342, 352 ff.; POST, _Familienrecht_, 183; SCHOOLCRAFT, _Indian Tribes_, II, 48. Marriage by purchase appears also among various African peoples.[605] The bride-price is usually rendered in cattle or goats, the amount varying greatly even in the same tribe. From two to thirty cows will buy a wife among the Kafirs. But, as sometimes happens, if a youth through his friends reveals to the father a liking for his daughter, he must in consequence pay more oxen for his bride.[606] By the Zulu a newly bought wife is regarded as an investment of capital from which is expected a return of interest through her labor and the children which she bears. Should he be disappointed in his bargain, the woman becoming sick, weak, or remaining childless, he sends her back to her father and demands a return of the cattle.[607] The Damara are so poor "that they are often glad to take one cow for a daughter." The rate is much higher among the Banyai. "In Uganda, the ordinary price of a wife is either three or four bullocks, six sewing needles, or a small box of percussion caps, but Mr. Wilson was often offered one in exchange for a coat or a pair of shoes."[608] Very commonly in Africa wives are pawned or even mortgaged, and they are devolved upon the husband's heirs as a part of the inheritance.[609]