Traces of marriage by purchase, real and pretended, are also widely diffused throughout the nations of the Aryan stock. Among the Afghans the price of a bride is paid to the father, but he returns a part of it as a dower.[624] In upper Albania the price is equivalent to 600 marks; and there the symbols of rape appear in the marriage ceremony.[625] According to Leist and Zimmer, the Hindu maiden in Vedic times was sought of her father, not by the suitor himself, but by a friend called the bride-wooer;[626] but, as a legal form, the bride must be paid for by rich presents,[627] which were, however, returned to her as a dower.[628] Here we have to do with a survival; but originally actual wife-purchase, side by side with wife-capture, must have existed. One of the eight forms of marriage mentioned in the _Ordinances of Manu_ as having been proper for the two lower castes, but here condemned as immoral,[629] is the _Âsura_ rite. It is described as "the gift of a maiden voluntarily after presenting to the kinsmen and the maiden wealth as much as the suitor can."[630] Disapproval of real wife-purchase thus early produced two very important results: the institution of dower, already mentioned, and the _Ārsha_ rite, or ceremonial purchase, still the most common form of marriage in India.[631] But the victory was by no means complete. "According to Dubois, to marry and to buy a wife are in India synonymous terms, as almost every parent makes his daughter an article of traffic."[632] [624] KOHLER, in _ZVR._, V, 361. _Cf._ LETOURNEAU, _op. cit._, 147, who says that so much do they regard wives as property that in case of remarriage the second husband has to indemnify the family of the first for the bride-price. [625] KOHLER, _loc. cit._, 361, 362. Even in recent times the chieftains in middle Albania were accustomed to steal their wives from Turkish families and to compel them to receive Christian baptism: _ibid._, 362. [626] The "bride-wooer" appears in many places: SCHROEDER, _Hochzeitsbräuche_, 32-45, 200 ff.; KOHLER, "Indische Gewohnheitsrechte," _ZVR._, VIII, 90. [627] ZIMMER, _Altindisches Leben_, 309-11, 314. LEIST, _Alt-arisches Jus Gentium_, 125-75, gives a masterly discussion of marriage among the early Aryans, with particular reference to the Hindus. With this should be compared the able paper of KOHLER, "Indisches Ehe- und Familienrecht," _ZVR._, III, 342-442, who differs on some important points; and SCHRADER, _Sprachvergleichung und Urgeschichte_, 381 ff. The "rich presents" referred to consisted, in case of actual purchase, of one hundred cows; and LEIST, _op. cit._, 128, notes the coincidence of this number with one hundred beeves mentioned by HOMER, _Iliad_, xi, l. 244. [628] See _Apastamba_, II, 6, 13, 12.