[629] But Manu is not always consistent regarding the legality of the actual bride-money; see _Ordinances_, IX, 93: BURNELL AND HOPKINS, 260 n. 7; and _cf._ KOHLER, "Indisches Ehe- und Familienrecht," _ZVR._, III, 345 n. 8. [630] BURNELL AND HOPKINS, _Ordinances of Manu_, Lect. III, 20, 21, 24, 31, 41 ff., 47-50. "This form is also practiced at the present day by people claiming to be Brahmans, _e. g._, the Caiva Brahmans, called 'Gurukkal,' in southern India, who seldom can get wives for less than a thousand rupees. It often happens that low-caste girls are palmed off on them."--_Ibid._, 49 n. 2. _Cf._ JOLLY, _Hindu Law of Partition_, 73-76, for a discussion of the marriage forms; _idem_, _Ueber die rechtliche Stellung der Frauen_, 15-18. [631] One of the eight marriage forms mentioned by Manu with approval: The "gift in due form of a maiden is called the _Ārsha_ rite, when a pair or two of cattle have been legally received from the bridegroom."--BURNELL AND HOPKINS, _op. cit._, III, 29, 48, 49. _Cf._ JOLLY, _op. cit._, 16; LEIST, _Alt-arisches Jus Gentium_, 130-33, for the consequences of disapproval of capture; and for the transformation of the purchase-price into the _Çulka_ institution or dower, _ibid._, 501 ff. [632] WESTERMARCK, _op. cit._, 396; DUBOIS, _A Description of the Character, Manners, and Customs of the People of India_ (Madras, 1862), 102; _cf._ BURNELL AND HOPKINS, _op. cit._, 49 n. 2. The custom of rendering a compensation for a wife, Aristotle tells us, was prevalent in ancient Greece.[633] The bride-price consisted of "countless gifts;"[634] and in the Homeric age a maid was called "one who yields to her parents many oxen as presents from her suitor."[635] The Roman marriage by _coemptio_ was a conveyance of the bride to the bridegroom through the mancipatory process in essentially the same way as a slave or an ox was sold. Gaius calls it an "imaginary sale;"[636] and it is usually regarded as a reminiscence of actual wife-purchase among the primitive Romans or their ancestors.[637] Moreover, in marriage by _usus_ the husband gained full control of the wife by a year's prescription, exactly as in the case of any property.[638] [633] ARISTOTLE, _Politics_, II, viii. Compare HRUZA, _Ehebegründung_, 8 ff. [634] ἥδνα ἀπερείσια: _Iliad_, xvi, l. 178; _Odyssey_, xix, l. 529. _Iliad_, xi, ll. 244 f., mentions one hundred oxen as the price. _Cf._ LEIST, _op. cit._, 128; SCHRADER, _Sprachvergleichung und Urgeschichte_, 381, 382. [635] "Alphesiboia": _Iliad_, xviii, l. 593; _cf._ WESTERMARCK, _op. cit._, 396; and SCHRADER, _op. cit._, 381. [636] POSTE, _Gaius_, I, 113, 88, and the editor's notes, 89 ff.