Let us now see somewhat more in detail what light is thrown by recent investigation on the controversy between Maine and McLennan. Westermarck has taken great pains to enumerate the uncivilized peoples, chiefly non-Aryan, among whom descent and usually inheritance follow the paternal side;[40] and he finds that the number is "scarcely less" than the number of those among whom the female line is exclusively recognized. But in many of these cases it seems probable that the parental rather than the agnatic system prevails, though the male line may take precedence. In some instances rank or authority descends from father to son, while in other respects the female line predominates. Doubtless more frequently than is usually imagined a mixed system rather than a strictly paternal or a strictly maternal system would be found to exist.[41] As the result of his inquiry, Westermarck rejects the hypothesis that kinship through the mother is a primitive and universal stage, though he does not substitute the agnatic theory in its place. Starcke, on the other hand, after an extended examination of the customs of rude races, especially in America and Australia, suggests that the paternal as a general rule probably preceded the maternal system which arose only with the development of the gentile organization.[42] But Starcke's evidence can scarcely be accepted as convincing. [40] _Human Marriage_, 97-104, notes. _Cf._ FRIEDRICHS, "Ueber den Ursprung des Matriarchats," _ZVR._, VIII, 371-73; KOHLER, _ibid._, VI, 403 (Korea); VII, 373 (Papuas). [41] Compare WAKE, _Marriage and Kinship_, 267 ff., 362 ff., 382, 396 ff.; especially FRIEDRICHS, "Familienstufen und Eheformen," _ZVR._, X, 209-12; and DARGUN, _Mutterrecht und Vaterrecht_, 3, 28, 118, who believes the so-called "mixed systems" are merely a consistent union of two entirely different principles--the principle of relationship with the principle of power or protection. [42] STARCKE, _op. cit._, 26, 27 (Australia), 30 (America), 58 ff., 101 ff. Compare the criticism of HELLWALD, _Die mensch. Familie_, 456 ff.; and on the development of the patriarchal family, see LIPPERT, _Kulturgeschichte_, II, 505-54.