[137] LUBBOCK, _Origin of Civilization_, 130-32, 536 ff.; GIRAUD-TEULON, _Les origines du mariage_, 5 ff., who says: "Le mariage (en prenant ce mot dans son sense étroit) apparaît chez les races inférieures comme une infraction aux droits de la communauté, et partant, comme la violation d'une loi naturelle: de là, à le considérer comme la violation d'une loi religieuse, il n'y avait qu'un pas." See the criticism by MCLENNAN, _Studies_, I, 335 ff., who rejects the theory of expiation for violation of communal right; because usually the woman does not belong to the husband's tribe, and because often the privileges are exercised by friends of both bridegroom and bride. _Cf._ FISON AND HOWITT, _Kamilaroi and Kurnai_, 149-56; WAKE, _Marriage and Kinship_, 17, 34, 65, 245 ff.; LIPPERT, _Geschichte der Familie_, 169; KOHLER, in _ZVR._, VII, 327 (Australia); MUCKE, _Horde und Familie_, 138-40, who rejects the theory; and KOVALEVSKY, _Mod. Customs and Anc. Laws of Russia_, 10, 11, who refers to the promiscuous intercourse practiced at various festivals, resembling the assemblies on the Roumanian Gainaberg which Kohler has discussed in _ZVR._, VI, 398 ff. These may be compared with the license practiced at certain gatherings among the Arunta and several other Australian tribes: SPENCER AND GILLEN, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, 96 ff. [138] "Thus Herodotus states, in Babylonia, every woman was obliged once in her life to give herself up, in the temple of Mylitta, to strangers, for the satisfaction of the goddess; and in some parts of Cyprus, he tells us, the same custom prevailed. In Armenia, according to Strabo, there was a very similar law. The daughters of good families were consecrated to Anaitis, a phallic divinity like Mylitta, giving themselves, as it appears, to the worship of the goddess indiscriminately."--WESTERMARCK, _Human Marriage_, 72; HERODOTUS, I, c. 199; STRABO, XI, 532. As to Babylon Herodotus may have been mistaken; _cf._ chap. iv, below. See further illustrations in BERNHÖFT, _op. cit._, 169 ff.; GIRAUD-TEULON, _op. cit._, 7 ff.; PLOSS, _Das Weib_, I, 383 ff.; LIPPERT, _Geschichte der Familie_, 171; FRIEDRICHS, in _ZVR._, VIII, 373, who enumerates the peoples where the custom has existed; _idem_, _ibid._, X, 215, 216; HELLWALD, _Die mensch. Familie_, 356 ff.; and HOWARD, _Sex Worship_, 103-16, 201, _passim_, who holds that sacred prostitution, and many of the other sexual practices usually assigned as survivals of promiscuity, are evidences of phallicism.