[180] MUCKE, _Horde und Familie in ihrer urgeschichtlichen Entwickelung_. _Eine neue Theorie auf statistischer Grundlage_ (Stuttgart, 1895). Mucke is harshly reviewed by KOHLER, _Urgeschichte der Ehe_, 17-27. [181] "Genossenschaft der Urzeit." He derives horde from _orta_, _orda_ = "local community," "Ortsgemeinschaft," hence "order": MUCKE, viii, 40, 41, 43 ff., _passim_. [182] "Raumverwandtschaften," MUCKE, 1 ff., 20-43, _passim_. [183] The details of the author's argument cannot here be given. First (_erster Abschnitt_) he appeals to the mental processes of the child. The spaces, and consequently the relationship, arise in the child's sense-perception, the impression obtained by the infant soul of the relative distance or remoteness of persons belonging to the different ages and generations. The very inadequate evidence adduced for the former universality of such _Lager_ arrangement (_sechster Abschnitt_) consists (1) of the alleged customs of modern Asiatic hordes; and (2) the remains of ship-shaped graves and dwelling-places discovered in various parts of the world. With wonderful ingenuity the author is able to explain by his theory nearly every problem connected with marriage and the family. Aside from the constructive part of his work, his criticism of other writers, though often unjust and intolerant, is sometimes acute and instructive. [184] The brothers capture men for their sisters by way of reprisal and retaliation for stealing the latter: MUCKE, _Horde und Familie_, 125, 126, 111, 113 ff. [185] But at first the man and the woman are merely slaves--there is no sexual or marriage relation whatever: _ibid._, 117. [186] _Ibid._, 178-82. In the fourth and fifth _Abschnitte_ (155-247) the author discusses the dissolution of the horde through the influence of the two forms of the family. The argument is involved and almost entirely _a priori_. It is nearly impossible to discover his conclusion as to whether a purely patriarchal or matriarchal family is differentiated in the process. II. MORGAN'S CONSTRUCTIVE THEORY The doctrine of the primitive horde as the starting-point of social evolution has a special interest in connection with the researches of Lewis H. Morgan and J. F. McLennan. Though their principal works appeared subsequently to that of Bachofen,[187] each has reached his conclusions independently; and each, rejecting the patriarchal family as the primordial unit, has set forth what may be called a "constructive" theory of uniform social progress. In the hands of each marriage and the family are made to pass through an ascending series of phases for all mankind. Unquestionably valuable as are their contributions to the material of sociological science, seldom have there been seen more striking examples of hasty generalization than appear in the theoretical parts of their work.