1. The natural consequence of the diminution in the number of women was to enhance their relative importance. Every woman would now have several wooers. Rivalry was fierce and "unrestrained by any sense of delicacy from a copartnery in sexual enjoyments." Quarrels and divisions within the horde would be of frequent occurrence. "These were the first wars for women, and they went to form the habits which established exogamy." But, if complete social disintegration would be avoided, self-preservation required a compromise. A rearrangement in smaller hordes took place; and so "we arrive at last at groups within which harmony was maintained through indifference and promiscuity;" where women, "like other goods," were held in common; and "children, while attached to mothers," belonged to the horde.[241] We have reached in fact, as the first result of female infanticide, the "totem _gens_" or group of totem kindred, having a common name, taken from some plant, heavenly body, or animal, whose image is sometimes tattooed upon their bodies, and which is sometimes revered as an ancestor, sometimes as an ancestral god.[242] [241] _Ibid._, 91-93. [242] On totemism see MCLENNAN, _Patriarchal Theory_, 206, 207, 227-29, 230-36; _Studies_, II, 368 ff., _passim_; MORGAN, _Ancient Society_, 49 ff., who gives many facts relating to totem _gentes_ among the American Indians and elsewhere; WAKE, _Marriage and Kinship_, Index; FISON AND HOWITT, _Kamilaroi and Kurnai_, 40-49, 165-71, who criticise LUBBOCK, _Origin of Civilization_, 210, 338 ff., 263; STARCKE, _Primitive Family_, 20 ff., 29 ff., _passim_; TYLOR, _Primitive Culture_, I, 42, 213, 215. WESTERMARCK, _Human Marriage_, chap, ix, denies that tattooing is fundamentally connected with totemism, and holds that it is a form of ornamentation to serve as a means of sexual attraction. _Cf._ MUCKE, _Horde und Familie_, 77; PLOSS, _Das Weib_, I, 94 ff.; 196 ff.; BACHOFEN, _Mutterrecht_, 335; FRASER, _Totemism_; _idem_, _Golden Bough_, III, 416 ff.; CRAWLEY, _Mystic Rose_, 249, 398, 457, 470; HELLWALD, _Die mensch. Familie_, 190 ff.; FLETCHER, "A Study from the Omaha Tribe," _Procds. A. A. A. S._, XLVI, 325-34; _idem_, "Emblematic Use of the Tree in the Dakotan Group," _ibid._, XLV, 191-209; especially KOHLER, _Zur Urgeschichte der Ehe_, 27 ff.; and SPENCER AND GILLEN, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, containing the best and fullest account of the Australian forms of the institution.