of daily toil potentially gives more leisure for building, adorning, and enjoying the home. [785] _Cf._ PEABODY, _Jesus Christ and the Social Question_, 162-79; MUIRHEAD, _Is the Family Declining?_ 35. [786] In the great centers of Germany, we are assured, the family of the blood-kindred has yielded to the family composed of kindred and strangers. For lack of space in the closely packed districts people are forced to live almost in common: GÖHRE, _Drei Monate Fabrikarbeiter_, 12 ff., 37 ff. _Cf._ BEBEL, _Die Frau und der Sozialismus_, 123, 124; and RADE, _Die sittlich-religiöse Gedankenwelt unserer Industriearbeiter_, 117 ff.; STEWART, _Disintegration of the Families of the Workingmen_; HENDERSON, _Social Elements_, 73. To the socialist the monogamic family in its present form is decidedly a failure. "To those who would substitute common ownership for industrial liberty, the institution of the family presents one of the most persistent obstacles. Domestic unity is inconsistent with the absolute social unity vested in the state."[787] The larger social body must be composed of individual members, free and equal; and it will not tolerate within itself a smaller body with special group-interests of its own, much less with any vestige of coercive authority over its constituent parts. There must be no _imperium in imperio_. Writers like Engels[788] seek consolation and support in Bachofen's theory of a universal stage of mother-right before the monogamic family with the institution of private property had brought domestic slavery into the world. They "hold that the monogamic family is a relic of decaying civilization. All ideas on which it rests, the subordination and dependence of women, the ownership of children, the belief in the sacredness of marriage as a divine institution, above all respect for the individual ownership of property and the rights of inheritance as permanent elements in our social organization--have been undermined. The foundations are sapped and the superstructure is ready to topple in."[789] [787] PEABODY, _op. cit._, 140. [788] See ENGELS, _Der Ursprung der Familie_, 4 ff.; and his follower, BEBEL, _Die Frau und der Sozialismus_, 1 ff., 93 ff. [789] MUIRHEAD, _Is the Family Declining?_ 37. Woman in particular has been the devoted victim of the greed of individual possession upon which the monogamic family rests. "Far back in history," according to Edward Carpenter, "at a time when in the early societies the thought of inequality had hardly arisen, it would appear that the female, in her own way--as sole authenticator of birth and parentage, as guardian of the household, as inventress of agriculture and the peaceful arts, as priestess and prophetess or sharer in the councils of the tribe--was as powerful as man in his, and sometimes even more so. But from thence down to today what centuries of repression, of slavehood, of dumbness, of obscurity have been her lot!"[790]