The War of Liberation--Blücher crosses the Elbe--Battle of Lützen--The Allies retreat to Silesia--Battle of Bautzen--Armistice--Napoleon intends to intimidate Austria--Mistaken as to the Forces of Austria--Metternich's Policy--Treaty of Reichenbach--Austria offers its Mediation--Congress of Prague--Austria enters the War--Armies and Plans of Napoleon and the Allies--Campaign of August--Battles of Dresden, Grosbeeren, the Katzbach, and Kulm--Effect of these Actions--Battle of Dennewitz--German Policy of Austria favourable to the Princes of the Rhenish Confederacy--Frustrated hopes of German Unity--Battle of Leipzig--The Allies reach the Rhine-- Offers of Peace at Frankfort--Plan of Invasion of France--Backwardness of Austria--The Allies enter France--Campaign of 1814--Congress of Châtillon--Napoleon moves to the rear of the Allies--The Allies advance on Paris--Capitulation of Paris--Entry of the Allies--Dethronement of Napoleon--Restoration of the Bourbons--The Charta--Treaty of Paris-- Territorial effects of the War, 1792-1814--Every Power except France had gained--France relatively weaker in Europe--Summary of the permanent effects of this period on Europe END OF VOL. I. (ORIGINAL EDITION). CHAPTER XII. THE RESTORATION. The Restoration of 1814--Norway--Naples--Westphalia--Spain--The Spanish Constitution overthrown: victory of the clergy--Restoration in France--The Charta--Encroachments of the nobles and clergy--Growing hostility to the Bourbons--Congress of Vienna--Talleyrand and the Four Powers--The Polish question--The Saxon question--Theory of Legitimacy--Secret alliance against Russia and Prussia--Compromise--The Rhenish Provinces--Napoleon leaves Elba and lands in France--His declarations--Napoleon at Grenoble, at Lyons, at Paris--The Congress of Vienna unites Europe against France--Murat's action in Italy--The Acte Additionnel--The Champ de Mai--Napoleon takes up the offensive--Battles of Ligny, Quatre Bras, Waterloo--Affairs at Paris--Napoleon sent to St. Helena--Wellington and Fouché--Arguments on the proposed cession of French territory--Treaty of Holy Alliance--Second Treaty of Paris--Conclusion of the work of the Congress of Vienna--Federation of Germany--Estimate of the Congress of Vienna and of the Treaties of 1815--The Slave Trade CHAPTER XIII. THE PROGRESS OF REACTION.