Province of the United States, north to about the 40th parallel, is a more strongly marked race, maintaining also more constancy in its peculiar features; this race is the _E. chrysolæma_, Wagl., of which name _rufa_, Aud., and _minor_, Giraud, are synonymes. This race, which we propose to call _E. alpestris_ var. _chrysolæma_, differs from both the northern styles in smaller size and longer bill, and in coloration is the opposite extreme from _occidentalis_, having the vinaceous tints deeper and browner, instead of paler and less brown, than in _cornuta_ (i. e. typical _alpestris_). The black markings are also more extended, in proportion to the other colors, reducing the white on the forehead to a very narrow band, instead of a broad spot equalling, or exceeding, the black in width. Specimens from Bogota—about the southern limit of the genus on this continent—are, perhaps, referrible to _chrysolæma_, or at least not very different from it, though described by Sclater as distinct, under the name _peregrinus_.[27] In fewer words, the variations, with the region, are about as follows. Starting with North America, north of the United States, we begin with a style absolutely undistinguishable from that of Europe; this, to which the name _cornuta_ belongs, visits the Eastern States only in winter, but breeds over the prairie region of Wisconsin, Illinois, and westward. West of the Rocky Mountains, especially south of about 40°, specimens referrible to this style are most numerous in winter, and in a large series a great percentage of the specimens entirely lack any yellow on the throat, while the pinkish-brown tints are lighter and less reddish; this style represents, in these peculiar features, the “var. _bei_” of Western Asia (Astrachan), and has been distinguished by the name _occidentalis_, McCall, though it is doubtful whether McCall’s description is of a specimen of this style or of one of _chrysolæma_, being taken from a young or immature bird. Breeding south of about 40°, from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific coast, and throughout the table-lands of Mexico,—in winter sometimes resident at the northern limit assigned, and there mixed with northern-bred individuals,—is a kind which is smaller, and, generally, with a larger bill; the throat is deeper yellow than in the northern form, the pinkish tints deepened into cinnamon, and the frontal band narrower, caused by an encroachment of the black, which, in its several areas, is extended more in proportion to the other colors. This is the _E. chrysolæma_ of Wagl., and of which _minor_, Giraud, and _rufa_, Aud., are synonymes, as already stated.