[210] 10 Geo. iv. c. 97. [211] See 1st Report 1853 Select Committee, p. 137. [212] Those landowners who gave evidence before the Select Committee in 1853 were almost unanimous in their testimony that the value of property had increased in counties where rural police forces had been established.--See second Report, 1853 Committee, §§ 2770, 2792, and 2793. [213] See ante p. 102, Chapter VI. [214] See Second Report 1853 Committee, pp. 151, 152. [215] 19 & 20 Vic., c. 69. [216] 2 & 3 Vict., c. 47. [217] In the course of these riots £50,000 worth of damage was done. [218] After these riots the General Convention of Chartists issued a proclamation declaring "that a flagrant, wanton, and unjust outrage has been made upon the people of Birmingham, by a bloodthirsty and unconstitutional force from London, acting under the authority of men who wished to keep the people in degradation."--"Annals of Our Times, 1839." See also "Chronicles of Crime," Camden Pelham. [219] _Quarterly Review_, No. 257, 1870. [220] Sir James Fitzjames Stephen's "A History of the Criminal Law of England," vol. i. chap. xiv. [221] Hale, Sum. 36, 37--I Hale, 457. [222] From "The Commonwealth of England," by Sir Thomas Smith, 1589 edition. [223] The County and Borough Police Act of 1856 required Rural Police Forces to furnish annual returns of all crimes committed, persons apprehended, and subsequent criminal proceedings in their respective districts, on forms of return supplied by Sir George Gray. From the materials thus supplied were the Criminal Statistics prepared until 1892, when an improved method of compilation was introduced by the "Police Returns Act" of that year--(55 and 56 Vict. c. 38). [224] There were eighty-two cases of garrotting in London between June and December 1862; nor was the increased prevalence of crime confined to the Metropolis--most of the larger towns (especially Liverpool) suffered in the same way. [225] Transportation to New South Wales and S. Australia ceased in 1850, to Van Diemen's Land in 1852; the last batch of convicts was sent to Western Australia in 1867. [226] The Chatham mutiny occurred in 1861, some years after the "Penal Servitude Act" had become law, but it was due to very similar causes to those which had occasioned the earlier outbreaks. [227] 16 and 17 Vict. c. 99. [228] Select Committee on Transportation 1856, Para. 1824. [229] In the case of women convicts remission to the extent of one-third or thereabouts can be earned. [230] 50,000 is nearer the mark. There were 43,000 in Australasia alone. [231] Speech by Sir H. Fowler, _The Times_, Jan. 15, 1901. [232] See the article on Reformatories by Sir E. Du Cane in "Chambers' Encyclopædia." [233] 17 & 18 Vict. c. 86. [234] 18 & 19 Vict. c. 87, and 19 & 20 Vict. c. 109. [235] 20 & 21 Vict. c. 48. [236] 24 & 25 Vict. c. 113. [237] 42 & 43 Vict. c. 49. [238] 50 & 51 Vict. c. 25. [239] "Police Code," pp. 80 and 81.