*Other types of Bronze Age culture in Italy.* The Neolithic population of northern Italy developed a Bronze Age civilization under the stimulus of contact with the _terramare_ people and the lake-dwellers. In the southern part of the peninsula and in Sicily, however, the Bronze Age developed more independently, although showing decided traces of influences from the eastern Mediterranean. Only in its later stages does it show the effect of the southward migration of the builders of the pile villages. *The Iron Age.* The prehistoric Iron Age in Italy has left extensive remains in the northern and central regions, but such is by no means the case in the south. The most important center of this civilization was at Villanova, near Bologna. Here, again, we have to do with a new type of civilization, which is not a development of the _terramare_ culture. In addition to the use of iron, this age is marked by the practice of cremation, with the employment of burial urns of a distinctive type, placed in well tombs (_tombe a pozzo_). In Etruria, to the south of the Apennines, the Early Iron Age is of the Villanova type. It seems fairly certain that both in Umbria and in Etruria this civilization is the work of the Umbrians, who at one time occupied the territory on both sides of the Apennines. Regarding the migration of the Umbrians into Italy we know nothing, but it seems probable that their civilization had its rise in central Europe. The later Iron Age civilization both in Etruria and northward of the Apennines has been identified as that of the Etruscans. *Latium.* In Latium the Iron Age civilization is a development under Villanovan influences. Here a distinctive feature is the use of a hut-shaped urn to receive the ashes of the dead. This urn was itself deposited in a larger burial urn. This civilization is that of the historic Latins, to whom belong also the hill villages of Latium and the walled towns, constructed between the eighth and the sixth centuries B. C. Elsewhere in the northern part of Italy in the Iron Age we have to do with a culture developing out of that of the _terramare_ period. Likewise in the east and south of the peninsula the Iron Age is a local development under outside stimulus. The preceding sketch of the rise of civilization in Italy has brought us down to the point where we have to do with the peoples who occupied Italian soil at the beginning of the historic period, for from the sixth century it is possible to attempt a connected historical record of the movements of these Italian races. CHAPTER III THE PEOPLES OF HISTORIC ITALY: THE ETRUSCANS; THE GREEKS I. THE PEOPLES OF ITALY At the close of the sixth century B. C., the soil of Italy was occupied by many peoples of diverse language and origin.