A HISTORY OF SINAI BY LINA ECKENSTEIN AUTHOR OF “WOMAN UNDER MONASTICISM” _WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS_ LONDON SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE NORTHUMBERLAND AVENUE, W.C. NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN CO. 1921 PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, LONDON AND BECCLES. FOREWORD IN the winter of 1905-6 Professor Flinders Petrie undertook the examination of the Egyptian remains in Sinai. After working at Wadi Maghara he removed into the Wadi Umm Agraf to copy the inscriptions and excavate the temple ruins at Serabit. His work is described in “Researches in Sinai, 1906,” and the inscriptions are in course of publication by the Egypt Exploration Fund. Among the workers at Serabit was myself. I had long been interested in the hermit life of the peninsula and in the growing belief that the Gebel Musa was not the Mountain of the Law. The excavations at Serabit and the non-Egyptian character of the ancient hill sanctuary supplied new material for reflection. In the hours spent in sorting fragments of temple offerings and copying temple inscriptions it occurred to me that we might be on the site which meant so much in the history of religion. Studies made after our return suggested further points of interest. The outcome is this little history which will, I trust, appeal to those who take an interest in the reconstruction of the past and in the successive stages of religious development. LINA ECKENSTEIN _Easter, 1920._ APPROXIMATE DATING OF EGYPTIAN DYNASTIES DYNASTY I. B.C. 5500. Monument of Semerkhet in Sinai IV. ” 4800. ” Khufu ” VI. ” 4300. ” the Pepys ” XII. ” 3600. Amen-em-hats and Sen-userts XV. ” 2500. Hyksos Conquest ” ” Time of Abraham and Joseph XVIII. ” 1580. Amen hotep and Tahutmes ” 1380. Akhen-aten (Amen-hotep IV),(?) time of Moses XIX. ” 1328—1202. Ramessides ” 1300—1234. Ramessu II. RULERS OF PHARAN AND THE CONVENT OF SINAI LIST TENTATIVELY ENLARGED FROM CHEIKHO