As on previous occasions, so now, the writer finds himself under obligations to his colleagues in the Department of History of the University of California. Professor Stephens has read much of this manuscript and has made helpful suggestions as to content and style. Professors Bolton and Priestley and Doctor Hackett, of the “Bancroft Library group,” have displayed a spirit of coöperation which the writer greatly appreciates. Professor Jaén of the Department of Romance Languages gave an invaluable criticism of the chapter on contemporary Spain. Señor Jesús Yanguas, the Sevillian architect, furnished the lists of men of letters and artists appearing in that chapter. Professor Shepherd of Columbia University kindly consented to allow certain of the maps appearing in his _Historical atlas_ to be copied here. Doctors R. G. Cleland, C. L. Goodwin, F. S. Philbrick, and J. A. Robertson have aided me with much valued criticisms. The writer is also grateful to his pupils, the Misses Bepler and Juda, for assistance rendered. CHARLES E. CHAPMAN. BERKELEY, January 5, 1918. CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE PREFACE vii INTRODUCTION BY RAFAEL ALTAMIRA xiii I. THE INFLUENCE OF GEOGRAPHY ON THE HISTORY OF SPAIN 1 II. THE EARLY PEOPLES, TO 206 B.C. 6 III. ROMAN SPAIN, 206 B.C.-409 A.D. 15 IV. VISIGOTHIC SPAIN, 409-713 26 V. MOSLEM SPAIN, 711-1031 38 VI. CHRISTIAN SPAIN IN THE MOSLEM PERIOD, 711-1035 53 VII. ERA OF THE SPANISH CRUSADES, 1031-1276 67 VIII. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATION IN SPAIN, 1031-1276 84 IX. MATERIAL AND INTELLECTUAL PROGRESS IN SPAIN, 1031-1276 102 X. DEVELOPMENT TOWARD NATIONAL UNITY: CASTILE, 1252-1479 111 XI. DEVELOPMENT TOWARD NATIONAL UNITY: ARAGON, 1276-1479 125 XII. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION IN SPAIN, 1252-1479 137 XIII. THE CASTILIAN STATE, 1252-1479 151 XIV. THE ARAGONESE STATE, 1276-1479 166 XV. ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION IN SPAIN, 1252-1479 174 XVI. INTELLECTUAL PROGRESS IN SPAIN, 1252-1479 180 XVII. INSTITUTIONS OF OUTLYING HISPANIC STATES, 1252-1479 192 XVIII. ERA OF THE CATHOLIC KINGS, 1479-1517 202 XIX. SOCIAL REFORMS, 1479-1517 210 XX. POLITICAL REFORMS, 1479-1517 219 XXI. MATERIAL AND INTELLECTUAL PROGRESS, 1479-1517 228 XXII. CHARLES I OF SPAIN, 1516-1556 234 XXIII. THE REIGN OF PHILIP II, 1556-1598 246