[4] According to Ibn Rusta (quoted by Le Strange, "Journ. Roy. Asiat. Soc.," 1905, p. 301), in Sassanian times, and before the bursting of the dykes which led to the formation of the swamps, the Tigris followed the same eastern channel in which it flows at the present time; this account is confirmed by Yâkût. [5] See the folding map at the end of the volume. The original courses of the rivers in the small inset map of Babylonia during the earliest historical periods agree in the main with Fisher's reconstruction published in "Excavations at Nippur," Pt. I., p. 3, Fig. 2. For points on which uncertainty still exists, see below, p. 10 f. [6] See below, p. 38 f. [7] See the plan of Warka by Loftus, reproduced on p. 33. It will be noted that he marks the ancient bed of the Shatt en-Nîl as skirting the city on the east. [8] See below, p. 21 f. [9] Cf. Thureau-Dangin, "Orient. Lit.-Zeit.," 1909, col. 205 f. [10] See Clay and Hilprecht, "Murashû Sons" (Artaxerxes I.), p. 76, and Clay, "Murashû Sons" (Darius II.), p. 70; cf. also Hommel, "Grundriss der Geographie und Geschichte des alten Orients," p. 264. [11] Cf. King, "Letters of Hammurabi," III., p. 18 f. [12] The Yusufiya Canal, running from Dîwânîya to the Shatt el-Kâr, was probably the result of a later effort to divert some of the water back to the old bed. [13] Andrae visited and surveyed the districts around Fâra and Abû Hatab in December, 1902. In his map he marks traces of a channel, the Shatt el-Farakhna, which, leaving the main channel at Shêkh Bedr, heads in the direction of Bismâya (see "Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft," No. 16, pp. 16 ff.). [14] Cf. King and Hall, "Egypt and Western Asia," pp. 292 ff. [15] Cf. Delitzsch, "Wo lag das Paradies?" p. 200. [16] Cf. Thureau-Dangin, "Journal asiatique," 1908, p. 131, n. 2. [17] Cyl. A, Col. XI., l. 16 f.; see below, Chap. IX., p. 266. [18] Ibid., Col. XXI., l. 25. [19] Cyl. B, Col. XXII., l. 19 f. [20] See below, p. 14. [21] For this reading of the name of the city usually transcribed as Gishkhu or Gishukh, see below, p. 21, n. 3. [22] See below, Chap. V., p. 127 f. [23] The word _kalam_, "the Land," is first found in a royal title upon fragments of early vases from Nippur which a certain "king of the land" dedicated to Enlil in gratitude for his victories over Kish (see below, Chap. VII.). The word _kur-kur_, "countries" in such a phrase as _lugal kur-kur-ge_, "king of the countries," when applied to the god Enlil, designated the whole of the habitable world; in a more restricted sense it was used for foreign countries, especially in the inscriptions of Gudea, in contradistinction to the Land of Sumer (cf. Thureau-Dangin, "Zeits. für Assyr.," XVI., p. 354, n. 3).