EXPLANATORY NOTE [yellow] Indicates approximate area over which Islam is the dominating religion at the present day (_N.B.—The present area is larger than it has ever been in the past_) _Dotted spots of colour illustrate sporadic establishments of Muhammadanism_ _The Boundaries of most important Muhammadan Empires when at their greatest extent are shown in coloured lines_ ---------------------------------------------------------------- Through their contact with Europeans, Arabs and Arabized Berbers first sketched out with some approach to correctness the geography of Inner Africa, and of the African coasts and islands. The direct and immediate result of this Muhammadan conquest of Africa was the drawing into that continent of the Portuguese—themselves but recently emancipated from Muhammadan rule, and still retaining some conversance with Arabic, a language already used in African and Eastern commerce from Tangier and the Senegal to Ternate and the Spice Islands off the coasts of New Guinea. Thanks to this intimate acquaintance with Muhammadans, and their _lingua franca_, the Portuguese were now to advance considerably the colonization of Africa by the Caucasian race. ----- Footnote 27: Tawareq is the plural of an Arabic word, Tarqi, a raider. Footnote 28: The origin of the name Allah applied by Muhammadans to the Supreme God. Allah acquired a masculine sense although in its original form the word was feminine. Footnote 29: Jerba, usually called Meninx by the ancients, is supposed to have been the Island of Lotos-Eaters of Greek mythology. Footnote 30: The origin of the name Kairwan has been much disputed. The present writer, visiting this place some years ago, was told by a native that the word was the Arab name for a small bustard-like courser (a bird which the French call Poule de Kairouan), and that, seeing this bird in large numbers—where it is still to be found—in the marshy plain on which the city was built, the Arabs gave its name to the town. Kairwan was chosen as the site for the Muhammadan capital by the early Arab invaders because it was considered sufficiently far from the sea-coast to be beyond the reach of attack from a Byzantine fleet. Footnote 31: Count Julian appears to have been a Byzantine governor on the coast of Morocco, who after the Byzantine downfall to some extent attached himself to the Romanized Gothic kingdom of Spain. Footnote 32: This is the Arab rendering of her name. Dahia meant “queen” and Al-Kahina “the wise woman” or “prophetess.” This remarkable personage was from a Berber tribe, the Jorāwa, which had been converted to Judaism and was partly Jewish in blood. Footnote 33: