Jewish colonies began to settle in North Africa soon after the destruction of Jerusalem, or even as far back as the Ptolemaic rule over Egypt. The Jews were particularly attracted to Tunisia and Tripoli (the former Carthaginian coast) by their kinship in race and language with the Phoenicians. Footnote 34: The rocky peninsula where Tarik landed was called by the Arabs Jibl-al-Tarik, a name which subsequently became corrupted by the Spaniards into Gibraltar. Footnote 35: There has been a succession of great cities since prehistoric times ranging round about or situated on the site of Cairo—an “inevitable” city site, because it is at the head of the Nile Delta. Memphis was only 12 miles away, and Heliopolis or On less than half that distance. Babel or Babylon was built by emigrants from old Babylon on the Euphrates on the actual site of Cairo in about 525 B.C. This became a Roman city and was succeeded by the Arab Al Fostat or Masr. Footnote 36: A little more than one-third of the modern population of Cyrenaica, Tripoli, and Mauretania is of Arab race; but seven-tenths of the North African population speak Arabic and not Berber. Footnote 37: Prince of the Faithful. Footnote 38: From the Arabic _Wahad_, “The One.” Footnote 39: It also later on left traces of its temporary occupation on the island of Jerba, where a fine Spanish fortress remains intact to this day. Footnote 40: Arzila. Footnote 41: _Sharif_, plur. _Shorfa_, means in Arabic “nobly born.” The first Sharifian Arab dynasty ruled Morocco from 788 to 970. Then followed a long succession of Berber dynasties till 1524, when the Sa’adi Sharifs from the upper Draa began to rule Morocco. The third Sharifian Arab dynasty—Filali, from Ta-filal-t—succeeded the Sa’adi Sultans in the 17th century and still occupies the Moroccan throne. Footnote 42: Timbuktu had been founded by a Tawareq (Berber) tribe about 1100 A.C. Footnote 43: or Askia. Footnote 44: Now in the hinterland of Algeria, and occupied by the French. Footnote 45: Algeria and Tunis were conquered by Turkish pirates, quite as much from the mild Berber dynasties possessing them as from the Spanish encroachments. Tripoli was taken from the Knights of Malta. Gradually all these three Regencies detached themselves from the Turkish Empire in everything but the mere acknowledgment of suzerainty; but, in 1835, the Turks abruptly resumed the direct control of Tripoli and Barka, to which they added Fezzan in 1842. Footnote 46: