Martial Character of Prelates 10 Difficulty of Punishing Offenders 13 Prostitution of the Episcopal Office 16 Abuse of Papal Jurisdiction 17 Abuse of Episcopal Jurisdiction 20 Oppression from the Building of Cathedrals 23 Neglect of Preaching 23 Abuses of Patronage 24 Pluralities 25 Tithes 26 Sale of the Sacraments 27 Extortion of Pious Legacies 28 Quarrels over Burials 30 Sexual Disorders 31 Clerical Immunity 32 The Monastic Orders 34 The Religion of the Middle Ages 39 Tendency to Fetishism 40 Indulgences 41 Magic Power of Formulas and Relics 47 Contemporary Opinion 51 CHAPTER II.--HERESY. Awakening of the Human Intellect in the Twelfth Century 57 Popular Characteristics 59 Nature of Heresies 60 Antisacerdotal Heresies 62 Nullity of Sacraments in Polluted Hands 62 Tanchelm 64 Éon de l'Étoile 66 Peculiar Civilization of Southern France 66 Pierre de Bruys 68 Henry of Lausanne 69 Arnaldo of Brescia 72 Peter Waldo and the Waldenses 76 Passagii, Joseppini, Siscidentes, Runcarii 88 CHAPTER III.--THE CATHARI. Attractions of the Dualistic Theory 89 Derivation of Catharism from Manichæism 89 Belief and Organization of the Catharan Church 93 Missionary Zeal and Thirst for Martyrdom 102 Not Devil-worshippers 105