Crusade of Louis Cœur-de-Lion.--Third Siege of Toulouse 187 Raymond VII. Recovers his Lands.--Recrudescence of Heresy 189 Negotiations Opened.--Death of Philip Augustus 190 Louis VIII. Proposes a Crusade.--Raymond Makes Terms with the Church 191 Duplicity of Honorius III.--Council of Bourges, Nov. 1225 193 Louis Organizes the Crusade in 1226 197 His Conquering Advance.--His Retreat and Death 199 Desultory War in 1227.--Negotiations in 1228 201 Treaty of Paris, April, 1229.--Persecution Established 203 CHAPTER V.--PERSECUTION. Growth of Intolerance in the Early Church 209 Persecution Commences under Constantine 212 The Church Adopts the Death-penalty for Heresy 213 Duty of the Ruler to Suppress Heresy 215 Decline of Persecuting Spirit under the Barbarians 216 Hesitation to Punish in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries 218 Uncertainty as to Form of Punishment 220 Burning Alive Adopted in the Thirteenth Century 221 Evasion of Responsibility by the Church 223 The Temporal Authority Coerced to Persecute 224 Persecution of the Dead 230 Motives Impelling to Persecution 233 Cruelty of the Middle Ages 234 Exaggerated Detestation of Heresy 236 Influence of Asceticism 238 Conscientious Motives 239 CHAPTER VI.--THE MENDICANT ORDERS. Material for Reform within the Church 243 Foulques de Neuilly 244 Durán de Huesca anticipates Dominic and Francis 246 St. Dominic, his Career and Character 248 His Order founded in 1214.--Its Success 251 St. Francis of Assisi 256 His Order Founded.--Injunction of Poverty 257 He Realizes the Christian Ideal 260 Extravagant Laudation of Poverty 264 Influence of the Mendicant Orders 266 Emotional Character of the Age.--The Pastoureaux.--The Flagellants 268 The Mendicants Rendered Independent of the Prelates 273 Their Utility to the Papacy 274 Antagonism between them and the Secular Clergy 278