CHAPTER XII.--THE SENTENCE. Penance not Punishment 459 Grades of Penance 462 Miscellaneous Penances 463 Flagellation 464 Pilgrimages 465 Crusades to Palestine 466 Wearing Crosses 468 Fines and Commutations 471 Unfulfilled Penance 475 Abuses.--Bribery and Extortion 477 Destruction of Houses 481 Arbitrary Penalties 483 Imprisonment 484 Troubles about the Expenses 489 Treatment of Prisoners 491 Comparative Frequency of Different Penalties 494 Modification of Sentences 495 Penitents never Pardoned, although Reprieved 496 Penalties of Descendants 498 Inquisitorial Excommunication 500 CHAPTER XIII.--CONFISCATION Origin in the Roman Law 501 The Church Responsible for its Introduction 502 Varying Practice in Decreeing it 504 Degree of Criminality Entailing it 507 Question of the Dowers of Wives 509 The Church Shares the Spoils in Italy 510 In France they are Seized by the State 513 The Bishops Obtain a Share 514 Rapacity of Confiscation 517 Alienations and Obligations Void 522 Paralyzing Influence on Commercial Development 524 Expenses of Inquisition, how Defrayed 525 Persecution Dependent on Confiscation 529 CHAPTER XIV.--THE STAKE. Theoretical Irresponsibility of the Inquisition 534 The Church Coerces the Secular Power to Burn Heretics 536 Only Impenitent Heretics Burned 541 Relapse.--Hesitation as to its Penalty.--Burning Decided upon 543 Difficulty of Defining Relapse 547 Refusal to Submit to Penance 548