Continuance and Character of the Heresy 120 CHAPTER III.--THE FRATICELLI. Question Raised as to the Poverty of Christ 129 Reaction against the Holiness of Poverty 130 Doctrine of the Poverty of Christ Declared a Heresy 134 It Complicates the Quarrel with Louis of Bavaria 135 Marsiglio of Padua and William of Ockham 139 Gradual Estrangement of the Franciscans 142 Louis Deposes John XXII. as a Heretic 145 Michele da Cesena Revolts 147 Utility of the Inquisition.--Submission of the Antipope 149 Struggle in Germany.--The Franciscans Support Louis 153 Louis gradually Gains Strength.--His Death 156 Dissident Franciscans Known as Fraticelli 158 Sympathy for them under Persecution 160 Their Tenets 162 Fraticelli in France and Spain 167 Orthodox Ascetism.--Jesuats.--Observantines 171 The Observantines Replace and Suppress the Fraticelli 174 CHAPTER IV.--POLITICAL HERESY UTILIZED BY THE CHURCH. Denial of Papal Claims Pronounced Heresy 181 The Stedingers.--Tithes Enforced by Crusades 182 Crusades to Support Italian Interests of Papacy 189 Importance of Inquisition as a Political Agency 190 Advantage of the Charge of Heresy 191 Manfred of Naples.--The Colonnas.--Ferrara 193 John XXII. and the Visconti 196 Cola di Rienzo.--The Maffredi 203 Use of Inquisition in the Great Schism 204 Case of Thomas Connecte 208 Girolamo Savonarola 209 CHAPTER V.--POLITICAL HERESY UTILIZED BY THE STATE. Use of Inquisition by Secular Potentates 238 The Templars.--Growth and Relations of the Order 238 Causes of its Downfall.--Facilities Furnished by the Inquisition 249 Papal Complicity Sought.--Use made of Inquisition 257 Errors Charged against the Templars 263 The Question of their Guilt 264 Vacillation of Clement.--The Assembly of Tours 277 Bargain between King and Pope.--Clement Joins the Prosecution 281 Prosecution throughout Europe.--Its Methods in France 284