Case of the Maréchal de Rais 468 Enrique de Villena 489 CHAPTER VII.--WITCHCRAFT. Its Origin in the Fifteenth Century 492 The Sabbat.--Regarded at first as a Diabolic Illusion 493 Adopted by the Church as a Reality 497 Its Ceremonies 500 Power and Malignity of the Witch 501 The Church Helpless to Counteract her Spells 506 Belief Stimulated by Persecution 508 Witches Lose Power when Arrested 509 Secular and Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction over Witchcraft 511 Inquisitorial Process as Applied to Witchcraft 513 Case of the Witches of the Canavese 518 Case of the Vaudois of Arras 519 Slow Development of the Witchcraft Craze 534 Stimulated by the Inquisition and the Church 538 Influence of the _Malleus Maleficarum_ 543 Opposition to the Inquisition.--France.--Cornelius Agrippa 544 Opposition of Venice.--The Witches of Brescia 546 Terrible Development in the Sixteenth Century 549 CHAPTER VIII.--INTELLECT AND FAITH. Intellectual Aberrations not Dangerous 550 Theological Tendencies and Development 551 Roger Bacon 552 Nominalism and Realism 555 Rivalry between Philosophy and Theology 557 Averrhoism 558 Toleration in Italy in the Fifteenth Century 565 Modified Averrhoism.--Pomponazio.--Nifo 574 Raymond Lully 578 Evolution of Dogma.--The Beatific Vision 590 The Immaculate Conception 596 Censorship of the Press 612 CHAPTER IX.--CONCLUSION. Omissions of the Inquisition.--The Greek Heretics 616 Quæstuari, or Pardoners 621 Simony 624 Demoralization of the Church 627 Morals of the Laity 641 Materials for the Improvement of Humanity 645 The Reformation Inevitable 647