In Spain the printers of the _Complutensian Polyglot_ made use of a fine Hebrew fount in 1514–17. In Germany, as early as 1501, in a book supposed to have been printed at Erfurt, Hebrew letters occur, cut rudely on wood; and at Basle, Strasburg, and Augsburg a similar primitive method was adopted, as it was also in the case of the _Hebrew Grammar_ printed at Leipsic in 1520. In 1512, however, at Tübingen in Wirtemburg, the _Septem psalmi pœnitentiales_ were printed in cast metal type. In 1534, at Basle, the first _Hebrew Bible_ printed by a Gentile was produced at the press of Bebel. Froben’s _Bible_, in the same town, in 1536, is in a type inferior to that of Bomberg. The running titles are all in the Rabbinical character. In 1587, Elias Hutter printed at Hamburg a Hebrew _Bible_ in large type, in which the “radical” letters appear black in the usual way, and the “serviles” are open, or in outline, while the “quiescents” are in smaller solid letters placed above the line. This Bible was reprinted in 1603, and is a typographical curiosity. In the Low Countries, Hebrew words, probably cut in wood, occur in the _Epistola apologetica Pauli de Middleburgo_, printed at Louvain in 1488; and Gand[125] gives 1506 as the probable date of a _Hebrew Dictionary, sine notâ_, but attributed to Martens. This, however, appears doubtful, as in 1518 Martens first announced his intention to print in Hebrew. His first-dated Hebrew work was a _Grammar_, in 1528; though Schwab considers that the Dictionary above referred to properly belongs to the year 1520. Martens’ earliest founts were a large Hebrew with vowel points, and a small, without. Hebrew printing was also practised at {64} Leyden in 1520. The splendid type cut by Le Bé, the Frenchman, for Plantin’s _Polyglot_, printed at Antwerp in 1569–72, placed the Netherlands in the front rank of Hebrew typography. Amsterdam, during the seventeenth century, excelled all other cities in its Hebrew printing. Abraham and Bonaventura Elzevir printed here in Hebrew about 1630, and the Hebrew _Bibles_ of Janson in 1639, Athias in 1667, and Van der Hooght in 1705, are justly regarded as masterpieces of Hebrew typography.