I must apologize to readers for some occasional discrepancies in spelling which may be discovered in the text and maps. They are mainly due to the fact that all along the Portuguese-Spanish frontier every town and village is spelt differently by its own inhabitants and by its close neighbours of the other nationality. I find it impossible to avoid the occasional intrusion of a Portuguese spelling of a Spanish locality, and vice versa. Matters are made still more hard by the fact that the spelling of local names in Portugal (less so in Spain) seems to have been much changed since 1811. It is difficult to avoid occasionally an archaic, or on the other hand a too-modern, form for a name. These slight errors, or discrepancies between names as spelled in the text and in the maps, were nearly all caused by alterations between the received spelling of 1811, followed in the maps I used, and that of 1911. I do not think that they will cause any difficulty to the reader, who will not e. g. find it hard to recognize that Foz do Arouce is the same as Foz de Arouce or Casal Novo as Cazal Novo. In a few cases the critic may find a slight difference in the numbers of troops, or of killed and wounded, which are given in the text and in the appendices. In almost all cases this results from the fact that the official totals quoted in the text turned out not to work out in exact agreement with the detailed list of items in the ‘morning states’ or the complete casualty lists. These errors, always trifling, could not be discovered till the arithmetic of the appendices had been verified, sometimes when the text had already been printed off. The most frequent discrepancies were found in comparing Wellington’s totals of Portuguese strengths or casualties with the detailed official figures. In all instances the differences are small, but the Appendices must be taken to give the more exact numbers. C. OMAN. OXFORD: _July 1, 1911_. CONTENTS SECTION XXIII THE WINTER CAMPAIGN OF 1810-11 CHAPTER PAGE I. Masséna at Santarem. The deadlock on the Lower Tagus. December 1810-January 1811 1 II. Soult’s Invasion of Estremadura. January-March 1811. The Battle of the Gebora and the Fall of Badajoz 23 III. Masséna’s Last Weeks at Santarem. January-March 1811 64 IV. Events in the South of Spain. The Battle of Barrosa. January-March 1811 91 SECTION XXIV MASSÉNA’S RETREAT FROM PORTUGAL I. Santarem to Celorico. March 9th-22nd, 1811 131 II. Guarda and Sabugal. March 22nd-April 12th, 1811 173 SECTION XXV EVENTS IN NORTHERN, EASTERN, AND CENTRAL SPAIN I. King Joseph and his Troubles 206